This research examined the effects of self-directed audio-tape encounter-group experiences on dimensions of self/ideal-self-congruence, creativity and interpersonal need fulfillment. The Semantic Differential, Barron-Welsh Art Scale and the FIRO-B were administered to groups of college students. The audio-tape procedure was effective and results supported the hypotheses which predicted that encounter relative to control Ss would achieve a higher congruence between their self- and ideal-self-concepts, seek more complex and imaginative solutions to problems, and become more self-directing in a prototypical interpersonal situation.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
BarronF.Discovering the creative personality. In College Admissions 10: The behavioral sciences and education. New York: College Board, 1963. Pp. 9–14.
2.
BarronF.WelshG.Artistic perception as a possible factor in personality style: Its measurement by a figure preference test. Journal of Psychology, 1952, 33, 199–203.
3.
BerzonB.ReiselJ.DavisD. P.PEER: Planned experiences for effective relating: An audio tape program for self-directed small groups. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 1969, 9, 71–86.
4.
BradfordL. P.GibbJ. R.BenneK. D. (Eds.) T-group theory and laboratory method. New York: Wiley, 1964.
5.
CampbellJ. P.DunnetteM. D.Effectiveness of T-group experiences in managerial training and development. Psychological Bulletin, 1968, 70, 73–104.
6.
FeinbergH. K.Differential modes of educational techniques: Encounter group in an education context. Unpublished master's thesis, Temple Univer., Phil., Pa., 1970.
7.
GleserG. C.IhilevichD.An objective instrument for measuring defense mechanisms. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1969, 33, 51–60.
8.
HeistP.McConnellT.WebsterH.YongeG.Omnibus Personality Inventory, manual. New York: Psychological Corp., 1969.
9.
JenkinsJ. J.RussellW. A.SuciG. J.An atlas of semantic differential profiles on a set of 360 words. American Journal of Psychology, 1958, 71, 688–699.
10.
OsgoodC. E.SuciG. J.TannenbaumP. H.The measurement of meaning. Urbana, Ill.: Univer. of Illinois Press, 1957.
RogersC. R.On becoming a person. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1961.
13.
RogersC. R.Toward a science of the person. In WannT. W. (Ed.), Behaviorism and phenomenology: Contrasting bases for modern psychology. Chicago: Univer. of Chicago Press, 1964. Pp. 109–133.
14.
RogersC. R.The process of the basic encounter group. In BugentalJ. F. (Ed.), Challenges of humanistic psychology. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1967. Pp. 261–276.
15.
SchutzW. C.Joy. New York: Grove, 1967.
16.
SchutzW. C.AllenV. L.The effects of a T-group laboratory on interpersonal behavior. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 1968, 2, 265–268.
17.
SolomonL. N.BerzonB.WeedmanC. W.The programmed group: A new rehabilitation resource. International Journal of Group Psychotherapy, 1968, 18, 199–219.
18.
TruaxC. B.SchuldtW. J.WargoD. G.Self-ideal concept congruence and improvement in group psychotherapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1968, 32, 47–53.
19.
WeissmanH. N.SeldmanM.RitterK.Changes in awareness of impart upon others as a function of encounter and marathon group experiences. Psychological Reports, 1971, 28, 651–661.
