A P-A (visual materials) study was conducted with 24 intellectually average and 24 educable mentally retarded individuals of high school age. Each S received 2 equivalent tasks, one in the anticipation method of presentation and the other in the recall method. The learning speed of the average Ss was significantly superior to that of the retardates. Method of presentation did not influence the learning of the average Ss but learning in the recall presentation was superior for retarded Ss.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
BattigW. F.Advantages of recall over anticipation methods in verbal learning. Behavior Research Methods and Instrumentation, 1969, 1, 217–220.
2.
BattigW. F.BrackettH. R.Comparison of anticipation and recall methods in paired-associate learning. Psychological Reports, 1961, 9, 59–65.
3.
BattigW. F.WuR. D.Comparison of recall and anticipation paired-associate procedures within mixed aurally-presented lists. Psychonomic Science, 1965, 3, 233–234.
4.
BlueC. M.Influence of mode of presentation, age, and intelligence on paired-associates learning. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 1970, 74, 527–532.
5.
CoferC. N.DiamondF.OlsenR. A.SteinJ. S.WalkerH.Comparison of anticipation and recall methods in paired-associate learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 1967, 75, 545–558.
6.
GossA. E.NodineC. F.Paired-associate learning. New York: Academic Press, 1965.
7.
KauslerD. H.Comparison of anticipation and recall methods for geriatric subjects. Psychological Reports, 1963, 13, 702.
8.
KauslerD. H. (Ed.) Readings in verbal learning. New York: Wiley, 1966.
9.
LindquistE. F.Design and analysis of experiments in psychology and education. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1953.
10.
LipmanR. S.Learning: Verbal, perceptual-motor, and classical conditioning. In EllisN. R. (Ed.), Handbook of mental deficiency. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1963. Pp. 391–423.
11.
LockheadG. R.Methods of presenting paired associates. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 1962, 1, 62–65.
12.
MordockJ. B.Paired-associate learning in mental retardation: A review. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 1968, 72, 857–865.
13.
O'ConnorN.HermelinB.Recall in normals and subnormals of like mental age. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 1963, 66, 81–84.