The paper is the first of a series intended to relate Ferdinand Toennies' distinction between Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft (and all comparable distinctions in social theory) to the difference between (1) intuitional and inferential role-taking (or empathy), (2) Erlebnis and Erfahrung experience, and (3) Rorschach movement and form responses. This one interprets David Bakan's phrase “epistemological loneliness” in terms of Toennies' distinction.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
BakanD.Clinical psychology and logic. Amer. Psychologist, 1956, 11, 655–662.
2.
BakanD.The duality of human existence. Chicago: Rand McNally, 1966.
3.
BakanD.On method. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1967.
4.
BoringE. G.Human nature vs sensation: William James and the psychology of the present. Amer. J. Psychol., 1942, 55, 310–327.
SingerJ. L.Imagination and waiting ability in young children. J. Pers., 1961, 29, 396–413.
10.
SingerJ. L.McCravenV. G.Some characteristics of adult daydreaming. J. Psychol., 1961, 51, 151–164.
11.
SingerJ. L.McCravenV. G.Daydreaming patterns of American subcultural groups. Int. J. Psychiat., 1962, 8, 272–282.
12.
SingerJ. L.OplerM. K.Contrasting patterns of fantasy and motility in Irish and Italian schizophrenics. J. abnorm. soc. Psychol., 1956, 53, 42–47.
13.
SingerJ. L.SchonbarR. A.Correlates of daydreaming: a dimension of self-awareness. J. consult. Psychol., 1961, 25, 1–6.
14.
StarkS.Role-taking, empathic imagination, and Rorschach human movement responses. Percept. mot. Skills, 1966, 23, 243–256.
15.
StarkS.Experience, Rorschach responses, and role-taking (empathy): a dualistic suggestion. Percept. mot. Skills, 1968, 26, 287–294. (a)
16.
StarkS.A suggestion regarding drama, inner creation, and role-taking (empathy): I. Dramatic arts and dramatic dreaming. Percept. mot. Skills, 1968, in press. (b)
17.
ToenniesF.Community and society. (Orig. publ. 1887) New York: Torchbook, 1963.