7 men, working as a self-contained unit in Antarctica, were observed from the beginning to the end of their association as a group. Presented and discussed are data on certain properties of informal group structure, effects of personal danger, monotony, boredom, and visual perception in whiteouts.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
ArmitageA. B.Two years in the Antarctic. London: Edward Arnold, 1905.
2.
BairdJ. C.Size of retinal image as a perceptual cue. Percept. mot. Skills, 1964, 18, 529–532.
3.
BakerG. W.ChapmanD. W. (Eds.) Man and society in disaster. New York: Basic Books, 1962.
4.
BalesR. F.StrotbeckF. L.MillsT. M.RoseboroughM. E.Channels of communication in small groups. Amer. social. Rev., 1951, 16, 461–468.
5.
BartleyS. H.ChuteE.Fatigue and impairment in man. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1947.
6.
BartonA. H.Social organization under stress: a sociological review of disaster studies. Washington, D. C.: National Academy of Sciences, 1963. (Publ. 1032).
7.
BatesA. P.Some sociometric aspects of social ranking in a small, face-to-face group. Sociometry, 1952, 15, 330–341.
8.
BettelheimB.Individual and mass behavior in extreme situations. J. abnorm. soc. Psychol., 1943, 38, 417–452.
9.
BoagT. J.The white man in the Arctic. Amer. J. Psychiat., 1952, 109, 444–449.
10.
BurtonA.A further study of the relation of time estimation to monotony. J. appl. Psychol., 1943, 27, 350–359.
11.
ByrdR. E.Alone. New York: Putnams, 1938.
12.
CarlsonV. R.Overestimation in size constancy judgments. Amer. J. Psychol., 1960, 73, 199–213.
CourtA.On the Arctic “whiteout.”Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc., 1946, 27, 359–360.
15.
DanielsonB.Some attraction and repulsion patterns among Jibaro Indians. Sociometry, 1949, 12, 83–105.
16.
DaviesA. H.The physical and mental effects of monotony in modern industry. Brit. med. J., 1926, No. 3427, 472–476.
17.
FestingerL.SchachterS.BackK.Social pressures in informal groups: a study of human factors in housing. New York: Harpers, 1950.
18.
FirthR.Elements of social organization. Boston: Beacon, 1963.
19.
FiskeC. O.Whiteout—a polar weather phenomenon. Proc. U. S. Naval Inst., 1956, 82, 954–959.
20.
FlinnD. E.MonroeJ. T.CramerE. H.HagenD. H.Observations in the SAM two-man space cabin simulator: IV. Behavioral factors in selection and performance. Brooks AFB, Texas: School of Aviation Medicine. Paper presented at Aerospace Medical Assn, Chicago, Ill., April 24, 1961.
21.
FontegneJ.Orientation professionnelle et montonie du travail. Psychol. et Vie, 1930, 4, 34–36.
22.
FriedmanP.LinnL.Some psychiatric notes on the Andrea Doria disaster. Amer. J. Psychiat., 1957, 114, 426–432.
23.
FullerR. L.More on the “Arctic whiteout.”Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc., 1946, 27, 372.
24.
GerdelR. W.DiamondM.White-out in Greenland. Wilmett, Ill.Snow, Ice and Permafrost Resch. Establ., U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1956. (Res. Rep. No. 21).
25.
GiaeverJ.The white desert. New York: Dutton, 1955.
JonesM. B.GoodsonJ. E.The effect of boredom on suggestibility. Pensacola, Fla.: U. S. Naval School of Aviation Medicine, U. S. Naval Aviation Medical Center, July 1, 1959. (Rep. No. 1).
31.
LeachE. R.Political systems of highland Burma. London: London School of Economics & Polit. Science, 1954.
32.
LittleR.Buddy relations and combat performance. In JanowitzM. (Ed.), The new military: changing patterns of organization. New York: Russell Sage Found., 1964.
33.
MawsonD.The home of the blizzard. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1914. Vols. 1, 2. The Mechanics of Glacier Flow: Discussion. J. Glaciol., 1954, 15, 339–341.
34.
MigotA.Thin edge of the world. Boston: Little Brown, 1956.
35.
MillerJ. W.A review of the methods previously employed to produce a homogeneous field and the description of a newly devised technique. Pensacola, Fla.: U. S. Naval School Aviation Medicine, 1957. (Res. Rep. No. 14).
36.
MooreH. E.Tornadoes over Texas, a study of Waco and San Angelo in disaster. Austin: Univer. of Texas Press, 1958.
37.
NadelS. F.The theory of social structure. New York: Free Press of Glencoe, 1964.
NorfleetB.Interpersonal relations and group productivity. J. soc. Issues, 1948, 4, 66–69.
40.
OlmsteadM. S.The small group. New York: Random House, 1959.
41.
ParsonsT.BalesR. F.ShilsE. A.Working papers in the theory of action. Glencoe, Ill.: The Free Press, 1953.
42.
PostmanL.BrunerJ. S.Perception under stress. Psychol. Rev., 1948, 55, 314–323.
43.
PowellJ. W.A poison liquor episode in Atlanta, Georgia. In Conference on field studies of reactions to disasters. Chicago: National Opinion Research Center, 1953. Pp. 87–103.
44.
PowellJ. W.An introduction to the natural history of disaster. Baltimore: Univer. of Maryland Psychiatric Institute, 1954. Cited by S. B. Whithey, Reaction to uncertain threat. In BakerG. W.ChapmanD. C. (Eds.), Man and society in disaster. New York: Basic Books, 1962. Pp. 115–127.
45.
RitterC.A woman in the polar night. New York: Dutton, 1954.
46.
RockI.McDermottW.The perception of visual angles. Acta Psychol., 1964, 22, 118–134.
47.
ScottR. F.The voyage of the Discovery. Vol. 2. New York: Scribner, 1905.
48.
ShackletonE. H.The heart of the Antarctic. Vol. 1. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1909.
49.
ShafferL. F.Fear and courage in aerial combat. J. consult. Psychol., 1947, 11, 137–143.
50.
SmithO. W.Judgments of size and distance in photographs. Amer. J. Psychol., 1958, 71, 529–538.
51.
SmithP. C.The curve of output as a criterion of boredom. J. appl. Psychol., 1953, 37, 69–74.
52.
SmithW. M.Scientific personnel in Antarctica: their recruitment, selection and performance. Psychol Rep., 1961, 9, 163–182. (Monogr. Suppl. 1-V9).
53.
SmithW. M.JonesM. B.Astronauts, Antarctic scientists and personal autonomy. J. Aerospace Med., 1962, 33, 162–166.
54.
SolomonP. (Ed.) Sensory deprivation; a symposium held at Harvard Medical School. Cambridge: Harvard Univer. Press, 1961.
55.
TorranceE. P.Small groups under stress conditions. Amer. social. Rev., 1954, 19, 751–755.
56.
TuckmanB. W.Developmental sequence in small groups. Psychol. Bull., 1965, 65, 384–399.
57.
TurnbullC. M.Some observations regarding the experiences and behavior of the Bambuti pygmies. Amer. J. Psychol., 1961, 74, 304–308.
58.
WalkerC. R.GuestR. H.The man on the assembly line. Cambridge: Harvard Univer. Press, 1952.
59.
WallaceA. F. C.Human behavior in extreme situations: a survey of the literature and suggestions for further research. Washington, D. C.: National Academy of Sciences, 1956. (Publ. No. 390).
60.
WeinsteinS.The perception of depth in the absence of texture-gradient. Amer. J. Psychol., 1957, 70, 611–615.
61.
WhiteG.Personal diary. From the Stefansson Collection, Baker Library, Dartmouth College, 1950.
62.
WhyteW. F.Street corner society, the social structure of an Italian slum. Chicago: Univer. of Chicago Press, 1959.
63.
WillisJ. S.Mental health in the north. Med. Serv. J., Canada, 1960, 8, 689–720.
64.
WyattS.FraserJ. A.StockF. G. I.The effects of monotony in work. Industr. Fatigue Res. Bd., 1929, No. 56.
65.
WyattS.LangdonJ. H.Fatigue and boredom in repetitive work. Industr. Fatigue Res. Bd., 1937, No. 77.
66.
ZaleznikA.Worker satisfaction and development: a case study of work and social behavior in a factory group. Norwood, Mass.: Plimpton Press, 1956.
