Four forms of a program in mathematics, each varying in the amount of confirmation provided, were utilized in an investigation of scheduling knowledge of results for learners. The schedules were unrelated to achievement.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
AmselA.Error responses and reinforcement schedules in self-instructional devices. In LumsdaineA. A.GlaserR. (Eds.), Teaching machines and programmed learning. Washington, D. C.: NEA, 1960. Pp. 506–517.
2.
CarrW. J.A review of the literature on certain aspects of automated instruction. In SmithW. I.MooreJ. W. (Eds.), Programmed learning. Princeton: Van Nostrand, 1962. Pp. 57–81.
3.
EigenD.MarguliesS.Response characteristics as a function of information level. J. Programmed Instr., 1963, 2, 45–55.
4.
GilbertT. F.An early approximation to principles of programming continuous-discourse self-instructional materials. Murray Hill, N. J.: Bell Telephone Lab., 1958.
5.
HollandG.Design and use of a teaching machine. Unpublished paper presented to a symposium of the American Psychological Association at Harvard University, 1960.
6.
HoughB.RevsinB.Programmed instruction at the college level: a study of several factors influencing learning. Phi Delta Kappan, 1963, 44, 286–291.
7.
JenkinsW. O.StanleyJ. C.Partial reinforcement: a review and critique. Psychol. Bull., 1950, 47, 193–234.
8.
KrumboltzD.WeismanR. G.The effect of intermittent confirmation in programmed instruction. Unpublished paper presented to American Psychological Assn in St. Louis, Mo., August 30, 1962.
9.
McGuiganF. J.CrockettF.BoltonC.The effect of knowledge of results before and after a response. J. gen. Psychol., 1960, 63, 51–55.
10.
MooreJ. W.SmithW. I.Knowledge of results in self-teaching spelling. Psychol. Rep., 1961, 9, 717–726.
11.
MooreJ. W.SmithW. I.A comparison of several types of immediate reinforcement. In SmithW. I.MooreJ. W. (Eds.), Programmed learning. Princeton: Van Nostrand, 1962. Pp. 192–202.
12.
MooreJ. W.SmithW. I.Role of knowledge of results in programmed instruction. Psychol. Rep., 1964, 14, 407–423.
13.
ReighM.MooreJ. W.SmithW. I.Introduction to sets. New York: McGraw-Hill, in press.
14.
SaxG.Concept acquisition as a function of differing schedules and delays of reinforcement. J. educ. Psychol., 1960, 51, 32–36.