Two terms of five men each were studied under isolation conditions for 12 days in a spaceship mock-up. Measures were taken of their performance on a variety of perceptual, cognitive, and cooperative tasks; of their physiological status; and of their attitudes toward others. The results were interpreted as indicating that an aggressive, punishing leader pushed his followers to a higher level of physiological activation, leading to more efficiency on simple tasks but less on more complex ones, and to greater psychophysiological stress among the crew.
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