Psychology of the Scientist: V. Three Experiments in Experimenter Bias

Ainsworth M. Problems of validation. In Klopfer B. , Developments in the Rorschach technique. New York: World Book, 1954. Pp. 405–500.

Bandura A. Lipsher D. H. , & Miller P. E. Psychotherapists' approach-avoidance reactions to patients' expression of hostility. Amer. Psychologist, 1959, 14, 335. (Abstract)

Beck W. S. Modern science and the nature of life. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1957.

Binder A. McConnell D. , & Sjoholm N. A. Verbal conditioning as a function of experimenter characteristics. J. abnorm. soc. Psychol., 1957, 55, 309–314.

Bingham W. V. D. , & Moore B. V. How to interview. (3rd rev.) New York: Harper, 1941.

Birney R. C. The achievement motive and task performance: a replication. J. abnorm. soc. Psychol., 1958, 56, 133–135.

Blankenship A. B. The effect of the interviewer upon the response in a public opinion poll. J. consult. Psychol., 1940, 4, 134–136.

Brogden W. J. The experimenter as a factor in animal conditioning. Psychol. Rep., 1962, 11, 239–242.

Brower D. The role of incentive in psychological research. J. gen. Psychol., 1948, 39, 145–147.

Cleveland S. E. The relationship between examiner anxiety and subjects' Rorschach scores. Microfilm Abstr., 1951, 11, 415–416. (Abstract)

Criswell J. H. The psychologist as perceiver. In Tagiuri R. & Petrullo L. (Eds.), Person perception and inter-personal behavior. Stanford: Stanford Univer. Press, 1958. Pp. 95–109.

Edwards A. L. Experimental design in psychological research. New York: Rinehart, 1950.

FeRber R. , & Wales H. G. Detection and correction of interviewer bias. Publ. Opin. Quart., 1952, 16, 107–127.

Foster W. S. Experiments on rod-divining. J. appl. Psychol., 1923, 7, 303–311.

Freiberg A. D. Vaughn C. L. , & Evans M. C. Effect of interviewer bias upon questionnaire results obtained with a large number of investigators. Amer. Psychologist, 1946, 1, 243. (Abstract)

Friedman P. A second experiment on interviewer bias. Sociometry, 1942, 5, 378–379.

Gordon L. V. , & Durea M. A. The effect of discouragement on the Revised Stanford Binet Scale. J. genet. Psychol., 1948, 73, 201–207.

Harari C. , & Chwast J. Class bias in psychodiagnosis of delinquents. Amer. Psychologist, 1959, 14, 377–378. (Abstract)

Harvey S. M. A preliminary investigation of the interview. Brit. J. Psychol., 1938, 28, 263–287.

Hyman H. H. Interviewing in social research. Chicago: Univer. Chicago Press, 1954.

Joel W. The interpersonal equation in projective methods. J. proj. Tech., 1949, 13, 479–482.

Kennedy J. L. A methodological review of extra-sensory perception. Psychol. Bull., 1939, 36, 59–103.

Krasner L. Weiss R. L. , & Ullmann L. P. Responsivity to verbal conditioning as a function of two different measures of “awareness.” Amer. Psychologist, 1959, 14, 388. (Abstract)

Levy L. , & Orr T. The social psychology of Rorschach validity research. J. abnorm. soc. Psychol., 1959, 58, 79–83.

Lindzey G. A note on interviewer bias. J. appl. Psychol., 1951, 35, 182–184.

Lord E. Experimentally induced variations in Rorschach performance. Psychol. Monogr., 1950, 64, No. 10 (Whole No. 316).

Maier N. R. F. Frustration theory: restatement and extension. Psychol. Rev., 1956, 63, 370–388.

Matarazzo J. D. Saslow G. , & Pareis E. N. Verbal conditioning of two response classes. Amer. Psychologist, 1959, 14, 388. (Abstract)

Orne M. T. The nature of hypnosis: artifact and essence. J. abnorm. soc. Psychol., 1959, 58, 277–299.

Postman L. Bronson W. C. , & Gropper G. L. Is there a mechanism of perceptual defense? J. abnorm. soc. Psychol., 1953, 48, 215–224.

Rice S. A. Contagious bias in the interview. Amer. J. Sociol., 1929, 35, 420–423.

Riggs M. M. , & Kaess W. Personality differences between volunteers and nonvolunteers. J. Psychol., 1955, 40, 229–245.

Roe A. Man's forgotten weapon. Amer. Psychologist, 1959, 14, 261–266.

Rosenthal R. An attempt at the experimental induction of the defense mechanism of projection. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Univer. of Calif., Los Angeles, 1956.

Rosenthal R. Note on the fallible E. Psychol. Rep., 1958,4,662. (a)

Rosenthal R. Projection, excitement and unconscious experimenter bias. Amer. Psychologist, 1958, 13, 345–346. (Abstract) (b)

Rosenthal R. , & Halas E. S. Experimenter effect in the study of invertebrate behavior. Psychol. Rep., 1962, 11, 251–256.

Sacks E. L. Intelligence scores as a function of experimentally established social relationships between child and examiner. J. abnorm. soc. Psychol., 1952, 47, 354–358.

Sanders R. , & Cleveland S. E. The relationship between certain examiner personality variables and subjects' Rorschach scores. J. proj. Tech., 1953, 17, 34–50.

Sarason S. B. The clinical interaction. New York: Harper, 1954.

Schafer R. Psychoanalytic interpretation in Rorschach testing. New York: Grune & Stratton, 1954.

Sheatsley P. B. The art of interviewing and a guide to interviewer selection and training. In Jahoda M. Deutsch M. , & Cook S. W. (Eds.), Research methods in social relations. Part 2: Selected techniques. New York: Dryden, 1951. Ch. 4.

Smith H. L. , & Hyman H. The biasing effect of interviewer expectations on survey results. Publ. Opin. Quart., 1950, 14, 491–506.

Stanton F. & Baker K. H. Interviewer bias and the recall of incompletely learned materials. Sociomeiry, 1942, 5, 123–134.

Strupp H. H. Toward an analysis of the therapist's contribution to the treatment process. Amer. Psychologist. 1959, 14, 336. (Abstract)

Williams R. I. Verbal conditioning in psychotherapy. Amer. Psychologist, 1959, 14, 338. (Abstract)

Wirth L. Preface. In Mannheim K. , Ideology and utopia. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1936.

Young R. K. Digit span as a function of the personality of the experimenter. Amer. Psychologist. 1959, 14, 375. (Abstract)

Zirkle C. Pavlov's beliefs. Science. 1958, 128, 1476.