A Review of Experimental Research in Graphology,1933–1960

Allport G. W. Vernon P. E. Studies in expressive movement. New York: Mac-millan, 1933.

Angel E. Form level judgments on handwriting and their relations to the personality of the judges. Unpublished master's thesis, New School for Social Research, 1954.

Birge W. R. An experimental inquiry into the measurable handwriting correlates of five personality traits. J. Pers., 1954, 23, 215–223.

Borass H. Photographic analysis of certain letter forms with respect to speed changes and stability. J. exp. Educ., 1951, 20, 87–96.

v. Bracken H. Das Schreibtempo von Zwillingen und die sozialpsychologischen Fehlerquellen der Zwillingsforschung. Z. menschl. Vererb.-u Konst.-Lehre, 1939, 23, 278–298.

v. Bracken H. Erbbiologische Untersuchungen ueber die Handschrifteigenart. Dtsch. Z. ges. gerichtl. Medizin, 1940, 33, 64–72. (a)

v. Bracken H. Untersuchungen an Zwillingen ueber die quantitativen und qualitativen Merkmale des Schreibdrucks. Z. ang. Psychol., 1940, 58, 367–384. (b)

Breil M. A. Graphologische Untersuchungen ueber die Psychomotorik in Handschriften Schizophrener. Monatsschr. Psychiat. u. Neurol., 1953, 125, 193–238.

Cantril H. Rand H. A. Allport G. W. The determination of personal interests by psychological and graphological methods. Charac. & Pers., 1933, 2, 134–143.

Cantril H. Rand H. A. An additional study of the determination of personal interests by psychological and graphological methods. Charac. & Pers., 1934, 3, 72–78.

Carmena M. Schreibdruck bei Zwillingen. Z. ges. Neurol. Psychiat., 1935, 103, 744–752.

Castelnuovo-Tedesco P. A study of the relationship between handwriting and personality variables. Genet. Psychol. Monogr., 1948, 37, 167–220.

Chao W. H. Handwriting of Chinese mental patients. In Lyman R. S. , Sociological and psychological studies in neuropsychiatry in China. New York: Stechert, 1939. Pp. 279–314.

Chapman D. W. The statistics of the method of correct matchings. Amer. J. Psychol., 1934, 46, 287–298.

Chapman D. W. The generalized problem of correct matchings. Ann. math. Statist., 1935, 6, 85–95.

Cohen Y. K'tavo shel hayeled v'haarakhat haofi. Hahinukh, 1949, 23, 191–218.

Crider B. The reliability and validity of two graphologists. J. appl. Psychol., 1941, 25, 323–325.

Demmler H. Eignungsfeststellung aus den Merkmalen der Handschrift. Industr. Psychotechn., 1937, 14, 182–191.

DeTrey M. Handschriftveraenderungen unter Alkoholeinfluss. Ausdruckskunde, 1954, 1, 9–12.

Eisenberg P. Judging expressive movement: I. Judgments of sex and dominance feeling from handwriting samples of dominant and non-dominant men and women. J. appl. Psychol., 1938, 22, 480–486.

Epstein L. Hartford H. Some relationships of beginning strokes in handwriting to the human figure drawing test. Percept. Mot. Skills, 1959, 9, 55–62.

Eysenck H. J. “Neuroticism” and handwriting. J. abnorm. soc. Psychol., 1948, 43, 94–96.

Fenz E. Koerperbau und Handschrift. Z. Menschenk., 1936, 12, 187–204.

Gemelli A. Contributo all'analisi dei movimenti della scrittura. Publ. Univer. Cattolica Sacro Cuore, 1950, 35, 1–53.

Gemelli A. Hsiao P. Raduscev B. Contributo all'analisi dei movimenti della scrittura. Comment. Pont. Acad. Sci., 1948, 12, 1–66.

Goodenough F. L. Sex differences in judging the sex of handwriting. J. soc. Psychol., 1945, 22, 61–68.

Gottschalk L. A. Serota H. Roman K. G. Handwriting in rheumatoid arthritics. Psychosom. Med., 1949, 11, 354–360.

Gruenwald G. Die Schreibdruck-Kurve. Z. Menschenk., 1957, 21, 133–177.

Hartge M. Graphologische Untersuchung der Intelligenz. Z. ang. Psychol., 1933, 44, 321–341.

Hartge M. Eine graphologische Untersuchung von Handschriften eineiiger und zweieiiger Zwillinge. Z. ang. Psychol., 1936, 50, 129–148.

Hartge M. Graphologie in der Paedagogik und Berufsberatung. Z. ang. Psychol., 1938, 54, 92–127.

Hartoch A. Schachtel E. G. Ueber einige Beziehungen zwischen Graphologie und Rorschachs Psychodiagnostik. Psyche, 1936, 3, 65–68, 80–84.

Harvey O. L. The measurement of handwriting considered as a form of expressive movement. Charac. & Pers., 1934, 2, 310–321.

Hector H. Untersuchung zur Laiengraphologie. Beih. Schweiz. Z. Psychol. Anwend., 1953, No. 20, 80–88.

Hermann E. Messungen an Handschriftproben von Zwillingspaaren unter 14 Jahren. Z. Psychol., 1939, 147, 238–255.

Hirsch M. W. Jarvik M. E. Abramson H. A. Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD-25): XVIII. Effects of LSD-25 and six related drugs upon handwriting. J. Psychol., 1956, 41, 11–22.

Homma T. On the direction or order of the strokes in writing Chinese characters. Jap. J. Psychol., 1937, 12, 608–613.

Homma T. On the natural formation in the writing orders of Japanese letters. Jap. J. Psychol., 1938, 13, 429–440.

Kanfer A. Casten D. F. Observations on disturbances in neuromuscular coordination in patients with malignant disease. Bull. Hosp. Joint Diseases, 1958, 19, 1–19.

Katz D. The scriptochronograph. Quart. J. exp. Psychol., 1948, 1, 53–56.

Katz D. Some graphological experiments with the scriptochronograph. Annee Psychol., 1951, 50, 585–591.

Katz D. Seichter H. Graphological experiments with the scriptochronograph. Acta psychol., 1950, 7, 279–287.

Klages L. Handschrift und Charakter. Leipzig: Barth, 1929.

Kluge E. Steinwachs F. Psychodiagnostische Studien an Schreib- und Griffdruck. II. Teil. Z. Psychother. med. Psychol., 1952, 2, 230–234.

Kraft T. B. Het Handschrift van geleucotomiseerde Patienten met Persoonlijkheidsveranderingen in Verband met de wetenschappelijke Betekenis van de Graphologie. Ned. Tijdschr. Psychol., 1955, 10, 1–38.

Kroener A. R. Schreiben und Zittern als Ausdrucksbewegung der Hand. Archiv. ges. Psychol., 1938, 100, 68–132.

Kuroda M. Ueber die Messungseinrichtung fuer die Geschwindigkeit und den Druck der Pinselschrift. Tohoku psychol. Folia, 1940, 8, 47–62. (a)

Kuroda M. Eine Untersuchung ueber die Beurteilung des Schreibdrucks und der Schreibgeschwindigkeit an der Pinselschrift. Tohoku psychol. Folia, 1940, 8, 151–204. (b)

Kuroda M. Eine Untersuchung der Handschrift und des Charakters durch die Aufsaetze. Tohoku psychol. Folia, 1942, 9, 123–138.

Lacy G. J. Handwriting and forgery under hypnosis. J. crim. Law Criminol., 1944, 34, 338–343.

Lewinson T. S. Zubin J. Handwriting analysis: A series of scales for evaluating the dynamic aspects of handwriting. New York: King's Crown Press, 1942.

Lorr M. Lepine L. T. Golder J. V. A factor analysis of some handwriting characteristics. J. Pers., 1954, 22, 348–353.

Luthe W. An apparatus for the analytical study of handwriting movement. Canad. J. Psychol., 1953, 7, 133–139. (a)

Luthe W. Untersuchungen ueber den Griffdruck. Beih. Schweiz. Z. Psychol. Anwend., 1953, No. 20, 144–160. (b)

McNeil E. B. Blum G. S. Handwriting and psycho-sexual dimensions of personality. J. proj. Tech., 1952, 16, 476–484.

Middleton W. C. The ability to judge sex from handwriting. Sci. Mon., 1938, 46, 170–172.

Middleton W. C. The ability of untrained subjects to judge dominance from handwriting samples. Psychol. Rec., 1939, 3, 227–238.

Middleton W. C. The ability of untrained subjects to judge neuroticism, self-confidence, and sociability from handwriting samples. Charac. & Pers., 1941, 9, 227–234. (a)

Middleton W. C. The ability of untrained subjects to judge intelligence and age from handwriting samples. J. appl. Psychol., 1941, 25, 331–340. (b)

Muhl A. M. Evaluation of schizophrenic writings: Before, during, and after electro-shock treatments. J. Amer. med. Worn. Assn, 1953, 8, 13–14.

Munroe R. L. Lewinson T. S. Waehner T. S. A comparison of three projective methods. Charac. & Pers., 1944, 8, 1–21.

Nicolay E. Messungen an Handschriftproben von Zwillingspaaren ueber 14 Jahren. Archiv. ges. Psychol., 1939, 105, 275–295.

Norinder Y. Twin differences in writing performance: A study of heredity and school training. Lund: Hakan Ohlssons, 1946.

Ostermeyer G. Sterzinger O. Graphologische Untersuchungen. Z. ang. Psychol., 1937, 52, 1–23.

Ostlyngen E. Ueber erbliche und umweltliche Bedingungen der Variabilitaet von Handschriften; eine Studie ueber Zwillingschriften. Acta psychiat. Kbh., 1945, 20, 75–106.

Ostlyngen E. Validering av grafologiske tolkninger ved sammenligning av tvillinger. Nord. Psykol., 1950, 2, 172–174.

Pascal G. R. The analysis of handwriting; a test of significance. Charac. & Pers., 1943, 12, 123–144. (a)

Pascal G. R. Handwriting pressure: Its measurements and significance. Charac. & Pers., 1943, 11, 234–254. (b)

Paskind H. A. Brown M. Constitutional differences between deteriorated and non-deteriorated patients with epilepsy. IV. Handwriting. Arch. Neurol. Psychiat., Chicago, 1940, 44, 507–515.

Pedersen R. H. Undersogelser over Handskrivning. Cophenhagen: Munksgaard, 1943.

Peter H. Suggestion und Handschrift; ein graphologischer Versuch. Z. Menschenk., 1936, 12, 84–92.

Pohl U. Experimentelle Untersuchung zur Typologie graphologischer Beurteilung. Untersuch. Psychol. Phil., 1936, 11, 1–46.

Pokorny R. Zur Anwendung der modernen Graphologie auf die hebraeische Schrift. Beih. Schweiz. Z. Psychol. Anwend., 1953, No. 20, 27–73.

Pontius A. A. Graphologischer Beitrag zur Charakterstruktur des Asthmatikers. Z. Psychother. med. Psychol., 1953, 3, 20–31.

Quinan C. Handwriting of criminals; an experimental study. Arch. Neurol. Psychiat. Chicago, 1934, 32, 350–358.

Rabin A. Blair H. The effects of alcohol on handwriting. J. clin. Psychol., 1953, 9, 284–287.

Reinhardt J. M. Heredity and environment: A reexamination of some evidence from studies of twins with emphasis upon the graphological method. Charac. & Pers., 1937, 5, 305–320.

Roman-Goldzieher K. Studies in the variability of handwriting. The development of writing speed and point pressure in school children. J. genet. Psychol., 1936, 49, 139–160.

Roman-Goldzieher K. Untersuchungen der Schrift und des Schreibens von 283 Zwillingspaaren. Beih. Schweiz. Z. Psychol. Anwend., 1945, No. 6, 29–55.

Ruesch J. Finesinger J. E. Schwab R. S. Muscular tension of psychiatric patients; pressure measurements on handwriting as an indicator. Arch. Neurol. Psychiat., Chicago, 1943, 50, 439–449.

Schoenfeld W. Menzel K. Tuberkulose, Charakter und Handschrift. Bruenn: Rohrer, 1934.

Schwung H. Charakterwandel im Spiegel der Handschrift. Psychol. Rdsch., 1953, 4, 284–294.

Secord P. F. Studies of the relationship of handwriting to personality. J. Pers., 1949, 17, 430–448.

Stackman H. A. Handwriting and extra-curricular activity. J. appl. Psychol., 1934, 18, 819–825.

Stainbrook E. Loewenbach H. Writing and drawing of psychotic individuals after electrically induced convulsions. J. nerv. & ment. Dis., 1944, 99, 382–388.

Steinwachs F. Die verfeinerte mechanische Schriftwaage. Arch. Psychiat. Z. Neurol., 1952, 187, 521–536. (a)

Steinwachs F. Psychodiagnostische Studien an Schreib- und Griffdruck. I. Konstitutionstypische Studien an Schreib- und Griffdruck. Z. Psychother. med. Psychol., 1952, 2, 41–47. (b)

Stokvis B. Graphologische Untersuchung als Mittel zur Nachpruefung der Theorie der Hypnose. Schweiz. Z. Psychol. Anwend., 1943, 2, 64–83.

Tchang T. M. L'ecriture chinoise et le geste humain: Essai sur la formation de l'ecriture chinoise. Shanghai: Librairie de Tou-se-we, Zi-ka-wei, 1937.

Thelen E. Zuordnungsversuche an Schriftproben von Zwillingen. Z. Psychol., 1939, 147, 215–237.

Tittel K. Untersuchungen ueber Schreibgeschwindigkeit. Neue psychol. Studien, 1934, 7, Heft 1.

Tripp C. A. Fluckiger F. A. Weinberg G. H. Measurement of handwriting variables. Percept. Mot. Skills, 1957, 7, 279–294.

Tripp C. A. Fluckiger F. A. Weinberg G. H. Effects of alcohol on the graphomotor performances of normals and chronic alcoholics. Percept. Mot. Skills, 1959, 9, 227–236.

Vernon P. E. A new instrument for recording handwriting pressure. Brit. J. educ. Psychol., 1934, 4, 310–316.

Vernon P. E. The evaluation of the matching method. J. educ. Psychol., 1936, 27, 1–17. (a)

Vernon P. E. The matching method applied to investigations of personality. Psychol. Bull., 1936, 33, 149–177. (b)

Vertesi E. Handschrift und Eigenart der Krebsgefaehrdeten. Budapest: Tisza, 1939.

Wanscher J. H. The hereditary background of handwriting; an investigation of mono-and dizygotic twins. Acta psychiat. Kbh., 1943, 18, 349–375.

Weinberg G. H. Fluckiger F. A. Tripp C. A. A proposed variation of the matching technique. Psychometrika, 1960, 25, 291–295.

Weiss J. Tuberkulose im Schriftbild; eine Untersuchung von 100 Handschriften Tuberkulose-Kranker. Muenchen-Basel: Reinhardt, 1957.

Wells F. L. Personal history, handwriting and specific behavior. Charac. & Pers., 1946, 14, 295–314.

Wenger M. A. An apparatus for the measurement of muscular tension during handwriting. Amer. J. Psychol., 1948, 61, 259–267.

Wirtz J. Druck- und Geschwindigkeitsverlauf von ganzheitlichen Schreibbewegungsweisen. Neue psychol. Studien, 1938, 11 (Heft 3), 5–55.

Wolfson R. A study in handwriting analysis. Ann Arbor, Mich.: Edwards Bros., 1949.

Wolfson R. Graphology. In Anderson H. H. Anderson G. L. (Eds.), An introduction to projective techniques. New York: Prentice Hall, 1951. Pp. 416–456.