In this study were examined leaders' and members' scores on locus of control, sources of motivation, and mental boundaries to predict the quality of leader–member exchanges. 80 elected officials and their 388 direct reports were sampled in a field study. Analysis indicated followers' scores on locus of control, leaders' scores of self-concept internal motivation, leaders' scores on locus of control, and followers' rated goal-internalization motivation were positively related to leader–member exchanges. Implications and directions for research are discussed.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
AlderferC. P. (1969) An empirical test of a new theory of human needs. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 4, 142–175.
2.
AvolioB. J.WaldmanD. A., & EinsteinW. O. (1988) Transformational leadership in a management game simulation. Group & Organization Studies, 13, 59–79.
3.
BarbutoJ. E. (1998) Motivation and leadership: towards a predictive model of leader influence behaviors. Dissertation Abstracts International, 58, 3202.
4.
BarbutoJ. E. (2004) Motivation Sources Inventory. Lincoln, NE: Future Leadership.
5.
BarbutoJ. E.FritzS. M., & MarxD. (2000) A field study of two measures of work motivation for predicting leaders' transformational behaviors. Psychological Reports, 86, 295–300.
6.
BarbutoJ. E.FritzS. M., & MarxD. (2002) A field examination of two measures of work motivation for predicting leaders' influence tactics. Journal of Social Psychology, 142, 601–616.
7.
BarbutoJ. E., & PlummerB. A. (1998) Mental boundaries as a new dimension of personality: a comparison of Hartmann's boundaries in the mind and Jung's psychological types. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 13, 421–436.
8.
BarbutoJ. E., & SchollR. W. (1998) Motivation Sources Inventory: development and validation of new scales to measure an integrative taxonomy of motivation. Psychological Reports, 82, 1011–1022.
9.
BarbutoJ. E., & SchollR. W. (1999) Leaders' motivation and perception of followers' motivation as predictors of influence tactics used. Psychological Reports, 84, 1087–1098.
10.
BassB. M. (1985) Leadership and performance beyond expectations. New York: Free Press.
11.
BassB. M. (1990) Bass and Stodgill's handbook of leadership. New York: Free Press.
12.
BurnsJ. M. (1978) Leadership. New York: Harper & Row.
13.
BurnsJ. Z. (1995) Prediction of Leader–Member Exchange quality by Jungian personality type. Dissertation Abstracts International, 56, 1729.
14.
DansereauF.CashmanJ., & GraenG. (1973) Instrumentality theory and equity theory as complementary approaches in predicting the relations of leadership and turnover among managers. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 10, 184–200.
15.
DeciE. L. (1975) Intrinsic motivation. New York: Plenum Press.
16.
DelugaR. J. (1992) The relationship with Leader–Member Exchange with laissez-faire, transactional, and transformational leadership in Naval environments. In ClarkK. E.ClarkM. B., & CampbellD. P. (Eds.), Impact of leadership. Greensboro, NC: Center for Creative Leadership. Pp. 237–247.
17.
DieneschR. M., & LidenR. C. (1986) Leader–member exchange model of leadership: a critique and further development. Academy of Management Review, 11, 618–634.
18.
DockeryT. M., & SteinerD. D. (1990) The role of the initial interaction in leader–member exchange. Group & Organization Studies, 15, 395–413.
19.
FreudS. (1933) New introductory lectures on psychoanalysis. New York: Norton.
20.
GerstnerC. R., & DayD. V. (1997) Meta-analytic review of Leader–Member Exchange theory: correlates and construct issues. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82, 827–844.
21.
GraenG. B.NovakM. A., & SommerkampP. (1982) The effects of Leader–Member Exchange and job design on productivity and satisfaction: testing an attachment model. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 30, 109–131.
22.
GraenG. B., & Uhl-BienM. (1995) Relationship-based approach to leadership: development of Leader–Member Exchange (LMX) theory of leadership over 25 years: applying a multi-level multi-domain perspective. Leadership Quarterly, 6, 219–247.
23.
HartmannE. (1991) Boundaries in the mind: a new psychology of personality. New York: HarperCollins.
24.
HartmannE.RosenR., & RandW. (1998) Personality and dreaming: boundary structure and dream content. Dreaming, 8, 31–39.
25.
HaterJ. J., & BassB. M. (1988) Superiors' evaluations and subordinates' perceptions of transformational and transactional leadership. Journal of Applied Psychology, 73, 695–702.
26.
HawkS. R. (1989) Locus of control and computer attitude: the effect of user involvement. Computers in Human Behavior, 5, 199–206.
27.
HerzbergF. W. (1968) One more time, how do you motivate employees?Harvard Business Review, 46, 53–62.
28.
HouranJ.ThalbourneM. A., & HartmannE. (2003) Comparison of two alternative measures of the boundary construct. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 96, 311–323.
29.
HowellJ. M., & AvolioB. J. (1993) Transformational leadership, transactional leadership, locus of control, and support for innovation: key predictors of consolidated-business-unit performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78, 891–902.
30.
HowellJ. M., & Hall-MerendaK. E. (1999) The ties that bind: the impact of Leader–Member Exchange, transformational and transactional leadership, and distance on predicting follower performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 84, 680–694.
31.
JohnsonA. L.LuthansF., & HennesseyH. W. (1984) The role of locus of control in leader influence behavior. Personnel Psychology, 37, 61–75.
32.
JungC. G. (1923/1971) Psychological types. In The collected works of C. G. Jung. Vol. 6. (HullR. F. C., Transl.) Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univer. Press.
33.
KinickiA. J., & VecchioR. P. (1994) Influences on the quality of supervisor-subordinate relations: the role of time-pressure, organizational commitment, and locus of control. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 15, 75–82.
34.
LeonardN. H.BeauvaisL. L., & SchollR. W. (1999) Work motivation: the incorporation of self-concept-based processes. Human Relations, 52, 969–998.
35.
LidenR. C.WayneS. J., & StilwellD. (1993) A longitudinal study on the early development of leader–member exchanges. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78, 662–674.
36.
LockeE. A., & HenneD. (1986) Work motivation theories. Chichester, UK: Wiley.
37.
LordR. G.DeVaderC. L., & AlligerG. M. (1986) A meta-analysis of the relation between personality traits and leadership: an application of validity generalization procedures. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71(3), 402–410.
38.
MartinR.ThomasG.CharlesK.EpitropakiO., & McNamaraR. (2005) The role of leader member exchanges in mediating the relationship between locus of control and work reactions. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 78, 141–147.
39.
MaslowA. (1954) Motivation and personality.New York: Harper & Row.
40.
McClaneW. E. (1991) The interaction of leader and member characteristics in the Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) model of leadership. Small Group Research, 22, 283–300.
41.
McClellandD. C. (1961) The achieving society.Princeton, NJ: Van Nostrand.
42.
NystromP. C. (1983) Managers' salaries and their beliefs about reinforcement control. Journal of Social Psychology, 120, 291–292.
43.
PharesE. J. (1973) Locus of control: a personality determinant of behavior.Morristown, NJ: General Learning.
44.
PhillipsA. S., & BedeianA. G. (1994) Leader-follower exchange quality: the role of personal and interpersonal attributes. Academy of Management Journal, 37, 990–1001.
45.
RevelleW., & ZinbargR. E. (2009) Coefficients alpha, beta, omega, and the GLB: comments on Sijtsma. Psychometrika, 74, 145–154.
46.
RotterJ. B. (1966) Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement. Psychological Monographs: General and Applied, 80, No. 1. (Whole No. 609), 1–28.
47.
SpectorP. E. (1982) Behavior in organization as a function of employee's locus of control. Psychological Bulletin, 91, 482–497.
48.
StawB. M. (1976) Knee-deep in the big muddy: a study of escalating commitment to a chosen course of action. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 16, 27–44.
49.
SteinerD. D., & DobbinsG. H. (1989) The role of work values in leaders' attributions and the development of leader-member exchanges. International Journal of Management, 6, 81–90.
50.
TsuiA. S., & O'ReillyC. A. (1989) Beyond simple demographic effects: the importance of relational demography in superior-subordinate dyads. Academy of Management Journal, 32, 402–423.
51.
WayneS. J., & FerrisG. R. (1990) Influence tactics, affect, and exchange quality in supervisor subordinate interactions: a laboratory experiment and field study. Journal of Applied Psychology, 75, 487–499.
52.
WayneS. J.LidenR. C., & SparroweR. T. (1994) Developing leader–member exchanges: the influence of gender and ingratiation. American Behavioral Scientist, 37, 697–714.
53.
ZinbargR.E.RevelleW.YovelI., & LiW. (2005) Cronbach's α, Revelle's β, and McDonald's ωH: their relations with each other and two alternative conceptualizations of reliability. Psychometrika, 70, 123–133.
