An Arabic version of the Effort-Reward Imbalance Questionnaire was developed and validated through a translation process with cross-cultural considerations. The translated questionnaire was evaluated for reliability and validity. A Principal Components Analysis was conducted following assessment of the suitability of data for factor analysis. Components with high eigenvalues were extracted, followed by Varimax rotation. Three components with eigenvalues greater than 1.0 (50% of variance) were indicated. The analysis showed Cronbach's α coefficients of .82 for the Effort scale, .88 for the Reward scale, and .74 for the Overcommitment scale. The test-retest reliability was high with intra-correlation coefficients of ≥.86. The Arabic version of the Effort-Reward Imbalance Questionnaire showed adequate reliability and validity and is a suitable instrument to assess work stress in Arabic-speaking people.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
AlmadiT.CathersI.Hamdan MansourA. M.ChowC. M. (2012) An Arabic version of the Perceived Stress Scale: translation and validation study. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 49(1), 84–89. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2011.07.012.
2.
BartlettM. S. (1954) A note on multiplying factors for various chi-squared approximations. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B, 16, 296–298.
3.
BellingrathS.WeiglT.KudielkaB. M. (2008) Cortisol dysregulation in school teachers in relation to burnout, vital exhaustion, and effort-reward-imbalance. Biological Psychology, 78(1), 104–113.
4.
BosmaH.PeterR.SiegristJ.MarmotM. (1998) Two alternative job stress models and the risk of coronary heart disease. American Journal of Public Health, 88(1), 68–74.
5.
BuapetchA.LagampanS.FaucettJ.KalampakornS. (2008) The Thai version of Effort-Reward Imbalance Questionnaire (Thai-ERIQ): a study of psychometric properties in garment workers. Journal of Occupational Health, 50(6), 480–491.
6.
CattellR. B. (1966) The scree test for the number of factors. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 1, 245–276.
7.
ChildD. (2006) The essentials of factor analysis. (3rd ed.) New York: Continuum International.
8.
ChorD.WerneckG. L.FaersteinE.AlvesM. G.RotenbergL. (2008) The Brazilian version of the Effort-Reward Imbalance Questionnaire to assess job stress. Cadernos de Saúde Pública, 24(1), 219–224.
9.
CronbachL. J. (1951) Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. Psychometrika, 16, 297–334.
10.
DevreuxI.JacqueryeA.KittelF.AlmazrooaA.Al-AwaB. (2102) Measurement of rehabilitation services staffs' job satisfaction using the effort-reward imbalance model in Saudi Arabia. Research Journal of Medical Sciences, 6(3), 87–92.
11.
DraganoN.KnesebeckO.RödelA.SiegristJ. (2003) Psychosocial work stress and musculosceletal disorders: significance for prevention. Zeitschrift für Gesundheitswissenschaften, 11(3), 196–207.
12.
EumK. D.LiJ.LeeH. E.KimS. S.PaekD.SiegristJ.ChoS. (2007) Psychometric properties of the Korean version of the Effort-Reward Imbalance Questionnaire: a study in a petrochemical company. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 80(8), 653–661.
13.
FabrigarL.MacCallumR.WegenerD. T.StrahanE. J. (1999) Evaluating the use of exploratory factor analysis in psychological research. Psychological Methods, 4, 272–299.
14.
GriepR. H.RotenbergL.VasconcellosA. G.LandsbergisP.ComaruC. M.AlvesM. G. (2009) The psychometric properties of Demand–control and Effort-reward Imbalance Scales among Brazilian nurses. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 82(10), 1163–1172.
15.
HambletonR. K. (1994) Guidelines for adapting educational and psychological tests: a progress report. European Journal of Psychological Assessment: Bulletin of the International Test Commission, 10, 229–244.
16.
Hamdan-MansourA. M.Al-GamalE.PuskarK.YacoubM.MariniA. (2011) Mental health nursing in Jordan: an investigation into experience, work stress and organizational support. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 20(2), 86–94.
17.
HansonE. K.SchaufeliW.VrijkotteT.PlompN. H.GodaertG. L. (2000) The validity and reliability of the Dutch Effort-Reward Imbalance Questionnaire. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 5(1), 142–155.
18.
KaiserH. F. (1970) A second generation little jiffy. Phsychometrika, 35(4), 401–415.
19.
KaiserH. F. (1974) Analysis of factorial simplicity. Psychometrika, 39, 31–36.
20.
KarasekR. (1979) Job demands, job decision latitude, and mental strain: implications for job redesign. Administrative Science Quarterly, 24(2), 285–308.
21.
KarasekR.TheorellT. (1990) Healthy work: stress, productivity, and the reconstruction of working life. New York: Basic Books.
22.
LiJ.YangW.ChengY.SiegristJ.ChoI. (2005) Effort–reward imbalance at work and job dissatisfaction in Chinese healthcare workers: a validation study. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 78, 198–204.
23.
MeadowsK.BentzenN.Touw-OttenF. (1997) Cross-cultural issues: an outline of the important principles in establishing cross-cultural validity in health outcome assessment. In HutchinsonA.BentzenN.König-ZahnC. (Eds.), Cross Cultural Health Outcome Assessment: a user's guide. Vol. 1. Groningen, Netherlands: European Research Group on Health Outcomes.
24.
NiedhammerI.SiegristJ.LandreM. F.GoldbergM.LeclercA. (2000) Psychometric properties of the French version of the effort-reward imbalance model. La Revue d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, 48(5), 419–437.
25.
PallantJ. (2001) SPSS survival manual: a step-by-step guide to data analysis using SPSS for Windows (Version 10). Buckingham, UK: Open University Press.
26.
SiegristJ. (1996) Adverse health effects of high-effort/low-reward conditions at work. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 1, 27–43.
27.
SiegristJ. (2001) A theory of occupational stress. In DunhamJ. (Ed.), Stress in the workplace: past, present and future. London: Whurr. Pp. 52–66.
28.
SiegristJ.StarkeD.ChandolaT.GodinI.MarmotM.NiedhammerI.PeterR. (2004) The measurement of effort-reward imbalance at work: European comparisons. Social Science and Medicine, 58, 1483–1499.
29.
TabachnickB. G.FidellL. S. (1996) Using multivariate statistics. (4th ed.) New York: Harper Collins.
30.
TabachnickB. G.FidellL. S. (2001) Using multivariate statistics. (4th ed.) Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon.
31.
TsutsumiA.IshitakeT.PeterR.SiegristJ.MatobaT. (2001) The Japanese version of the Effort–Reward Imbalance Questionnaire: a study in dental technicians. Work Stress, 15, 86–9.
32.
TsutsumiA.KawakamiN. (2004) A review of empirical studies on the model of effort-reward imbalance at work: reducing occupational stress by implementing a new theory. Social Science & Medicine, 59, 2335–2359.
33.
UnterbrinkT.HackA.PfeiferR.Buhl-GriesshaberV.MüllerU.WescheH.FrommholdM.ScheuchK.SeibtR.WirschingM.BauerJ. (2007) Burnout and effort-reward imbalance in a sample of 949 German teachers. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 80(5), 433–441.
34.
van de VivjerF.HambletonR. K. (1996) Translating tests: some practical guidelines. European Psychologist, 1(2), 89–99.
35.
WadaK.SakataY.TheriaultG.AratakeY.ShimizuM.TsutsumiA.TanakaK.AizawaY. (2007) Effort–Reward imbalance and social support are associated with chronic fatigue among medical residents in Japan. Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 81, 331–336.
