The goal of the study was to investigate the relationship between Hare's four-facet model of psychopathy and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI–2) in a forensic, culturally homogenous sample. 22 male prisoners from Bergen Prison participated. There was only a statistically significant negative zero-order correlation between the total PCL–R score and the score on the Depression scale of the MMPI–2. However, the results revealed that the four facets had different underlying correlates with negative affectivity. Overall, Facets 1 and 2 showed a tendency toward a negative relationship with the clinical scales on the MMPI–2, while Facets 3 and 4 had a positive relationship. Interestingly, partial correlations showed that Facet 4 of PCL–R was the only facet that correlated statistically significantly with the scores on the Psychopathic Deviate scale of the MMPI–2.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
BeckhamJ. C.CrawfordA. L.FeldmanM. E.KirbyA. C.HertzbergM. A.DavidsonJ. R. T.MooreS. (1997) Chronic posttraumatic stress disorder and chronic pain in Vietnam combat veterans. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 43, 379–389.
2.
BoltD. M.HareR. D.VitaleJ. E.NewmanJ. P. (2004) A multigroup item response theory analysis of the Psychopathy Checklist–Revised. Psychological Assessment, 16, 155–168.
3.
ButcherJ. N.DahlstromW. G.GrahamJ. R.TellegenA.KaemmerB. (1989) Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory–2 (MMPI–2): manual for administration and scoring. Minneapolis, MN: Univer. of Minnesota Press.
4.
ButcherJ. N.GrahamJ. R.Ben-PorathY. S. (1995) Methodological problems and issues in MMPI, MMPI–2, and MMPI–A research. Psychological Assessment, 7, 320–329.
5.
CleckleyH. (1976) The mask of sanity. (5th ed.) St. Louis, MO: Mosby.
6.
CookeD. J.MichieC. (1997) An item response theory analysis of the Hare Psychopathic Checklist. Psychological Assessment, 9, 3–13.
7.
CookeD. J.MichieC. (2001) Refining the construct of psychopathy towards a hierarchical model. Psychological Assessment, 13, 171–188.
8.
CookeD. J.MichieC.HartS. D.HareR. D. (1999) Evaluation of the screening version of the Hare Psychopathic Checklist–Revised (PLC-SV): an item response theory analysis. Psychological Assessment, 11, 3–13.
9.
GaconoC. B.MeloyJ. R. (2002) Assessing antisocial and psychopathic personalities. In ButcherJ. N. (Ed.), Clinical personality assessment: practical approaches. (2nd ed.) New York: Oxford Univer. Press. Pp. 361–375.
10.
GrahamJ. R. (1993) The MMPI–2: assessing personality and psychopathology. (2nd ed.) New York: Oxford Univer. Press.
11.
GrahamJ. R. (2006) The MMPI–2: assessing personality and psychopathology. (4th ed.) New York: Oxford Univer. Press.
12.
HaleL. R.GoldsteinD. S.AbramowitzC. S.CalamariJ. E.KossonD. S. (2004) Psychopathy is related to negative affectivity but not to anxiety sensitivity. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 42, 687–710.
13.
HansenA. L.JohnsenB. H.HartS. D.WaageL.ThayerJ. F. (2008) Psychopathy and recognition of facial expressions of emotion. Journal of Personality Disorders, 22, 639–644.
14.
HansenA. L.JohnsenB. H.ThorntonD.WaageL.ThayerJ. F. (2007) Facets of psychopathy, heart rate variability and cognitive function. Journal of Personality Disorders, 21, 568–582.
15.
HareR. D. (1991) The Hare Psychopathic Checklist–Revised. Toronto, ON: Multi-Health Systems.
16.
HareR. D. (1998) The Hare PCL–R: some issues concerning its use and misuse. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 3, 99–199.
17.
HareR. D. (2003) Hare Psychopathy Checklist–Revised. (2nd ed.) Toronto, ON: Multi-Health Systems.
18.
HareR. D.NeumannC. S. (2010) The role of antisociality in the psychopathy construct: comment on Skeem and Cooke (2010). Psychological Assessment, 22, 446–454.
19.
HarpurT. T.HareR. D.HakstianA. R. (1989) Two-factor conceptualization of psychopathy: construct validity and assessment implications. Psychological Assessment: A Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1, 6–17.
20.
HavikO. (2003) MMPJ—2. Kartlegging av psykopatologi og personlighet [Assessment of psychopathology and personality]. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget. [in Norwegian]
21.
HicksB. M.PatrickC. J. (2006) Psychopathy and negative emotionality: analyses of suppressor effects reveal distinct relations with emotional distress, fearfulness, and anger-hostility. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 115, 276–287.
22.
KempA. H.QuintanaD. S.GrayM. A.FelminghamK. L.GattJ. M. (2010) Impact of depression and antidepressant treatment on heart rate variability: a review and meta-analysis. Biological Psychiatry, 76, 1067–1074.
23.
KotlerJ. S.McMahonR. J. (2005) Child psychopathy: theories, measurement and relations with the development and persistence of conduct problems. Clinical Child and Family Psychological Review, 8, 291–325.
24.
LilienfeldS. O. (1992) The association between antisocial personality and somatization disorders: a review and integration of theoretical models. Clinical Psychology Review, 12, 641–662.
25.
LilienfeldS. O. (1998) Methodological advances and developments in the assessment of psychopathy. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 36, 99–125.
26.
LilienfeldS. O. (1994) Conceptual problems in the assessment of psychopathy. Clinical Psychology Review, 14, 17–38.
27.
LovelaceL.GannonL. (1999) Psychopathy and depression: mutually exclusive constructs?Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 30, 169–176.
28.
NestorP. G. (2002) Mental disorders and violence: personality dimensions and clinical features. American Journal of Psychiatry, 159, 1973–1978.
29.
PatrickC. J. (1994) Emotion and psychopathy: startling new insights. Psychophysiology, 31, 319–330.
30.
PatrickC. J.BradelyM. M.LangP. J. (1993) Emotion in the criminal psychopath: startle reflex modulation. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 102, 82–92.
31.
SchmittW. A.NewmanJ. P. (1999) Are all psychopathic individuals low-anxious?Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 108, 353–358.
32.
SellbomM.Ben-PorathY. S.LilienfeldS. O.PatrickC. J.GrahamJ. R. (2005) Assessing psychopathic personality traits with the MMPI–2. Journal of Personality Assessment, 85, 334–343.
33.
SkeemJ. L.CookeD. J. (2010) Is criminal behavior a central component of psychopathy? Conceptual directions for resolving the debate. Psychological Assessment, 22, 433–445.
34.
ThayerJ. F.FriedmanB. H.BorkovecT. D. (1996) Autonomic characteristics of generalized anxiety disorder and worry. Biological Psychiatry, 39, 255–266.
35.
VitaccoM. J.NeumannC. S.JacksonR. L. (2005) Testing the four-factor model of psychopathy and its association with ethnicity, gender, intelligence, and violence. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73, 466–476.
36.
WatsonD.ClarkL. (1984) Negative affectivity: the disposition to experience aversive emotional states. Psychological Bulletin, 96, 465–490.
37.
WelshG. S. (1956) Factor dimensions A and R. In WelshG. S.DahlstromW. G. (Eds.), Basic readings on the MMPI in psychology and medicine. Minneapolis, MN: Univer. of Minnesota Press.
38.
WillemsenT.De GanckT.VerhaegheP. (2012) Psychopathy, traumatic exposure, and lifetime posttraumatic stress. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 56, 505–524.
