Injuries of the Upper Cervical Spinal Column are Markers of Severe Forces in the First Two Years of Life

Abstract

Cervical spinal column injuries occur uncommonly in infants and young toddlers, and rarely in the upper cervical spine. Any injury, when discovered at forensic autopsy, must be interpreted within the context of a complete case investigation, and available science. When severe upper cervical spinal column injury is detected, such as atlanto-occipital dislocation (AOD), atlanto-axial dislocation (AAD) or spinal cord transection, forensic pathologists commonly regard such trauma as a marker of significant forces. This retrospective study evaluated 60 cases of accidental and homicidal deaths occurring in the first 24 months of life and investigated by a large metropolitan medical examiner jurisdiction. All cases with AOD, AAD or spinal cord transection occurred under documented accidental circumstances, and all of those cases involved severe forces, including being struck by or run over by a car. While such high cervical spinal column pathology is not unusual when an infant or young toddler is struck by or run over by a motor vehicle, or other accidental circumstance involving severe forces, this discovery in a case of apparent natural death or death following alleged short fall or other commonplace activity of daily living should be considered highly suspect.