Testicles can be damaged by a variety of physical and chemical agents, ranging from trauma suffered in accidents or athletic activities, to diverse drugs or radiation used in cancer treatment. The immediate and long-term effects of these damaging agents at the testicular morphologic and functional levels are quite varied and may have significant impact on the fertility of the pediatric patient once reproductive age is reached.
AdamsRJ, AttiaM, CronanK. Report of 4 cases of testicular rupture in adolescent boys secondary to sports-related trauma. Pediatr Emerg Care2008;24:847–848.
3.
AhmedA, MbibuNH. Aetiology and management of injuries to male external genitalia in Nigeria. Injury2008;39:128–133.
4.
GhilanAM, GhafourMA, Al-AsbahiWA, Al-KhanbashiOM, AlwanMA, Al-BadaniTH. Gunshot wound injuries to the male external genitalia. Saudi Med J2010;31:1005–1010.
5.
HunterSR, LishnakTS, PowersAM, LisleDK. Male genital trauma in sports. Clin Sports Med2013;32:247–254.
6.
MathewsR, SheridanME, PatilU. Neonatal testicular loss secondary to perinatal trauma in breech presentationBJU Int.1999;83:1069–1070.
VaccaroJA, DavisR, BelvilleWD, KieslingVJ. Traumatic hematocele: association with rupture of the testicle. J Urol1986;136:1217–1218.
9.
BallesteroR, Correas GomezMA, Lastra Garcia-BaronPTesticular reconstruction after testicular rupture and review of the literature. Arch Esp Urol2013;66:372–376.
10.
CubillosJ, RedaEF, GitlinJ, ZelkovicP, PalmerLS. A conservative approach to testicular rupture in adolescent boys. J Urol2010;184:1733–1738.
11.
KoSF, NgSH, WanYLTesticular dislocation: an uncommon and easily overlooked complication of blunt abdominal trauma. Ann Emerg Med2004;43:371–375.
12.
KoumanidouC, ManopoulouE, PantazisJScrotal hematocele as an unusual presentation of blunt abdominal trauma in three male infants. J Clin Ultrasound2000;28:190–193.
13.
Farina PerezLA, MenendezP, MachoV. [Hydrocele and cholesterol granuloma of the tunica vaginalis simulating a tumor in echography]. Actas Urol Esp1998;22:70–73.
NativO, MorY, NassD, LeibovitchI, GoldwasserB. Cholesterol granuloma of the tunica vaginalis mimicking a neoplasm. Isr J Med Sci1995;31:235–236.
16.
Virseda RodriguezJA, Hernandez MillanI, Segura MartinM. [Calcification of the tunica vaginalis]. Arch Esp Urol1997;50:406–407.
17.
HaddadFS, ManneRK, NathanMH. The pathological, ultrasonographic and computerized tomographic characteristics of chronic hematocele. J Urol1988;139:594–595.
18.
AltaracS. Management of 53 cases of testicular trauma. Eur Urol1994;25:119–123.
19.
CassAS, LuxenbergM. Value of early operation in blunt testicular contusion with hematocele. J Urol1988;139:746–747.
20.
MolokwuCN, DoullRI, TownellNH. A novel technique for repair of testicular rupture after blunt trauma. Urology2010;76:1002–1003.
21.
GimberguesP, GuyL, BoyerL, BoiteuxJP. [Traumatic dislocation of the testis. Report of three cases]. Prog Urol1999;9:322–326.
22.
KimSH, ParkS, ChoiSH, JeongWK, ChoiJH. The efficacy of magnetic resonance imaging for the diagnosis of testicular rupture: a prospective preliminary study. J Trauma2009;66:239–242.
23.
SatakeH, InoueK, SawadaK, ShuinT. [A case of traumatic rupture of the testis: usefulness of magnetic resonance imaging]. Hinyokika Kiyo2001;47:341–343.
24.
AndersonKA, McAninchJW, JeffreyRB, LaingFC. Ultrasonography for the diagnosis and staging of blunt scrotal trauma. J Urol1983;130:933–935.
25.
JeffreyRB, LaingFC, HricakH, McAninchJW. Sonography of testicular trauma. AJR Am J Roentgenol1983;141:993–995.
26.
ShirvaniAR, OrtenbergJ. Communicating hematocele in children following splenic rupture: diagnosis and management. Urology2000;55:590.
27.
SkoogSJ, BelmanAB. The communicating hematocele: an unusual presentation for blunt splenic trauma. J Urol1986;136:1092–1093.
28.
GoncalvesR, AbuabaraA, AbuabaraRF, FeronCA. Scrotal hematoma as a sign of adrenal hemorrhage in newborns. Sao Paulo Med J2011;129:113–115.
29.
HorvathM, Rakotoalizao-RabenjaminaF, MassadeE, TrebouxM. [Traumatic bilateral testicular dislocation]. Ann Chir1993;47:71–72.
FederM, SacchettiA, MyrickS. Testicular dislocation following minor scrotal trauma. Am J Emerg Med1991;9:40–42.
32.
ClaubryE. Observations sur une retrocession subite des deux testicules dans I'abdomen, a la suite d'une violente compression de la partie inferieure de la paroi abdominale par une roué de charrette. J Gen Med Chir Pharm1818;64:325–330.
BoudissaM, RuattiS, MaisseNBilateral testicular dislocation with pelvic ring fracture: a case report and literature review. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res2013;99:485–487.
39.
KochakarnW, ChoonhaklaiV, HotrapawanondP, MuangmanV. Traumatic testicular dislocation a review of 36 cases. J Med Assoc Thai2000;83:208–212.
LeeJY, CassAS, StreitzJM. Traumatic dislocation of testes and bladder rupture. Urology1992;40:506–508.
42.
Lopez AlcinaE, MartinJC, FusterA, PerezJ, PuertasM, MorenoJ. [Testicular dislocation. Report of 2 new cases and review of the literature]. Actas Urol Esp2001;25:299–302.
43.
MatzekBA, LinklaterDR. Traumatic testicular dislocation after minor trauma in a pediatric patient. J Emerg Med2013;45:537–540.
44.
NagarajanVP, PranikoffK, ImahoriSC, RabinowitzR. Traumatic dislocation of testis. Urology1983;22:521–524.
45.
Perez-ArbejJA, Rosa AriasJ, Aranda LassaJM, Villarroya RodriguezS, Gil FabraJ, Romero AguirreF. [Testicular injury: presentation of 3 cases and review of the literature]. Arch Esp Urol1986;39:398–402.
46.
PhuwapraisirisanS, LimM, SuwanthanmaW. Surgical reduction in a delayed case of traumatic testicular dislocation. J Med Assoc Thai2010;93:1317–1320.
47.
HagiudaJ, IshikawaH, HanawaY, MarumoK. Recovery from azoospermia caused by a testicular injury: a case report. Andrologia.2014;46:447–448.
48.
TomomasaH, OshioS, AmemiyaHTesticular injury: late results of semen analyses after uniorchiectomy. Arch Androl1992;29:59–63.
49.
LinWW, KimED, QuesadaET, LipshultzLI, CoburnM. Unilateral testicular injury from external trauma: evaluation of semen quality and endocrine parameters. J Urol1998;159:841–843.
50.
GaddaF, SpinelliMG, CozziG, PaffoniA, CarmignaniL, RoccoF. Emergency testicular sperm extraction after scrotal trauma in a patient with a history of contralateral orchiopexy for cryptorchidism: case report and review of the literature. Fertil Steril2012;97:1074–1077.
51.
NoltenWE, VioscaSP, KorenmanSG, MardiR, ShapiroSS. Association of elevated estradiol with remote testicular trauma in young infertile men. Fertil Steril1994;62:143–149.
52.
WardE, DeSantisC, RobbinsA, KohlerB, JemalA. Childhood and adolescent cancer statistics, 2014. CA Cancer J Clin2014;64:83–103.
53.
BlattJ. Pregnancy outcome in long-term survivors of childhood cancer. Med Pediatr Oncol1999;33:29–33.
54.
BleyerWA. The impact of childhood cancer on the United States and the world. CA Cancer J Clin1990;40:355–367.
55.
BrennerH, Steliarova-FoucherE, ArndtV. Up-to-date monitoring of childhood cancer long-term survival in Europe: methodology and application to all forms of cancer combined. Ann Oncol2007;18:1561–1568.
56.
ArnonJ, MeirowD, Lewis-RonessH, OrnoyA. Genetic and teratogenic effects of cancer treatments on gametes and embryos. Hum Reprod Update2001;7:394–403.
57.
RuefferU, BreuerK, JostingAMale gonadal dysfunction in patients with Hodgkin's disease prior to treatment. Ann Oncol.2001;12:1307–1311.
58.
BroughamMF, KelnarCJ, SharpeRM, WallaceWH. Male fertility following childhood cancer: current concepts and future therapies. Asian J Androl2003;5:325–337.
59.
AshP. The influence of radiation on fertility in man. Br J Radiol1980;53:271–278.
60.
HowellSJ, ShaletSM. Spermatogenesis after cancer treatment: damage and recovery.J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr2005:12–17.
61.
ShaletSM, DidiM, Ogilvy-StuartAL, SchulgaJ, DonaldsonMD. Growth and endocrine function after bone marrow transplantation. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)1995;42:333–339.
EdgarAB, MorrisEM, KelnarCJ, WallaceWH. Long-term follow-up of survivors of childhood cancer. Endocr Dev2009;15:159–180.
64.
NishiY, HamamotoK, FujitaN, OkadaS. Empty sella/pituitary atrophy and endocrine impairments as a consequence of radiation and chemotherapy in long-term survivors of childhood leukemia. Int J Hematol2011;94:399–402.
65.
Bar-Shira MaymonB, YogevL, MarksA, HauserR, BotchanA, YavetzH. Sertoli cell inactivation by cytotoxic damage to the human testis after cancer chemotherapy. Fertil Steril2004;81:1391–1394.
66.
FriedmanNM, PlymateSR. Leydig cell dysfunction and gynaecomastia in adult males treated with alkylating agents. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)1980;12:553–556.
67.
LonghiA, MacchiagodenaM, VitaliG, BacciG. Fertility in male patients treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy for osteosarcoma. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol2003;25:292–206.
68.
ColpiGM, ContalbiGF, NervaF, SagoneP, PiediferroG. Testicular function following chemo-radiotherapy.Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol2004;113(suppl 1):S2–S6.
69.
MarianiS, BascianiS, FabbriASevere oligozoospermia in a young man with chronic myeloid leukemia on long-term treatment with imatinib started before puberty. Fertil Steril2011;95:1120. e15–e317.
70.
LassA, AkagbosuF, AbusheikhaNA programme of semen cryopreservation for patients with malignant disease in a tertiary infertility centre: lessons from 8 years' experience. Hum Reprod1998;13:3256–3261.
71.
AgarwalA, SaidTM. Implications of systemic malignancies on human fertility. Reprod Biomed Online2004;9:673–679.
72.
CicognaniA, CacciariE, PasiniALow serum inhibin B levels as a marker of testicular damage after treatment for a childhood malignancy. Eur J Pediatr2000;159:103–107.
73.
IsakssonS, EberhardJ, StahlOInhibin B concentration is predictive for long-term azoospermia in men treated for testicular cancer. Andrology2014;2:252–258.
74.
van CasterenNJ, van der LindenGH, Hakvoort-CammelFG, HahlenK, DohleGR, van den Heuvel-EibrinkMM. Effect of childhood cancer treatment on fertility markers in adult male long-term survivors. Pediatr Blood Cancer2009;52:108–112.
75.
BordalloMA, GuimaraesMM, PessoaCHDecreased serum inhibin B/FSH ratio as a marker of Sertoli cell function in male survivors after chemotherapy in childhood and adolescence. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab2004;17:879–887.
76.
GoossensE, TournayeH. [Fertility preservation in boys: spermatogonial stem cell transplantation and testicular grafting]. Gynecol Obstet Fertil2013;41:529–531.
77.
MaltarisT, KoelblH, SeufertRGonadal damage and options for fertility preservation in female and male cancer survivors. Asian J Androl2006;8:515–533.
78.
RevelA, Revel-VilkS. Pediatric fertility preservation: is it time to offer testicular tissue cryopreservation?Mol Cell Endocrinol2008;282:143–149.
79.
StruijkRB, MulderCL, van der VeenF, van PeltAM, ReppingS. Restoring fertility in sterile childhood cancer survivors by autotransplanting spermatogonial stem cells: are we there yet?Biomed Res Int2013;2013:903142.
80.
TournayeH, GoossensE, VerheyenGPreserving the reproductive potential of men and boys with cancer: current concepts and future prospects. Hum Reprod Update2004;10:525–532.
81.
WynsC, CurabaM, VanabelleB, Van LangendoncktA, DonnezJ. Options for fertility preservation in prepubertal boys. Hum Reprod Update2010;16:312–328.
