CajaibaMMGarcia-FernandezEReyes-MugicaMNistalM. The spectrum of persistence of testicular blastema and ectopic testicular parenchyma: A possible result of focal delay in gonadal development. Virchows Arch2007;451:89–94.
2.
NistalMPaniaguaRLeonLRegaderaJ. Ectopic seminiferous tubules in the tunica albuginea of normal and dysgenetic testes. Appl Pathol1985;3:123–128.
3.
SchmidtSSMincklerTM. Pseudocysts of the tunica albuginea: Benign invasion by testicular tubules. J Urol1987;138:151.
PaniaguaRRodriguezMCNistalMFraileBRegaderaJAmatP. Changes in surface area and number of Leydig cells in relation to the 6 stages of the cycle of the human seminiferous epithelium. Anat Embryol (Berl)1988;178:423–427.
6.
JunSYRoJYParkYWKimKRAyalaAG. Ectopic Leydig cells of testis. An immunohistochemical study on tissue microarray. Ann Diagn Pathol2008;12:29–32.
7.
HalleyJB. The infiltrative activity of Leydig cells. J Pathol Bacteriol1961;81:347–353.
8.
NelsonAA. Giant interstitial cells and extraparenchymal interstitial cells of the human testis. Am J Pathol1938;14:831–8423.
9.
HalleyJB. Relation of Leydig cells in the human testicle to the tubules and testicular function. Nature1960;185:865–866.
10.
MoriHShiraishiTMatsumotoK. Ectopic Leydig cells in a seminiferous tubules of an infertile human male with a chromosomal aberration. Andrologia1978;10:434–443.
11.
MoriHTamaiMFushimiHFukudaHMaedaT. Leydig cells within the aspermatogenic seminiferous tubules. Hum Pathol1987;18:1227–1231.
12.
SchulzeCHolsteinAF. Leydig cells within the lamina propria of seminiferous tubules in four patients with azoospermia. Andrologia1978;10:444–452.
13.
BerbingerH. Uber die Zwischenzellen des Hodens. Verh d Path Ges1921;18:186–197.
14.
BrackE. Zur pathologischen Anatomie der Leydigzelle. Virchows Arch Path Anat Physiol1923;240:127–143.
15.
McDJCalamsJA. A histological study of extraparenchymal Leydig-like cells. J Urol1958;79:850–858.
16.
RegaderaJCodesalJPaniaguaRGonzalez-PeramatoPNistalM. Immunohistochemical and quantitative study of interstitial and intratubular Leydig cells in normal men, cryptorchidism, and Klinefelter's syndrome. J Pathol1991;164:299–306.
17.
PrieselA. Uber das Verhalten von Hoden und Nebenhoden bei angeborenen Fehlen des Ductus deferes, zugleich zur Frage des Vorkommens von Zwischenzellen in menschlichen Nebenhoden. Arch Path Anat Physiol1924;249:246–304.
18.
NistalMPaniaguaR. Histogenesis of human extraparenchymal Leydig cells. Acta Anat (Basel)1979;105:188–197.
19.
UlbrightTMAminMBYoungRH. Tumor-like lesions of testis paratestis, and spermatic cord. In: RosaiJSobinL, eds. Atlas of Tumor Pathology Tumors of the Testis, Adnexa, Spermatic Cord, and Scrotum. 3rd series. Fascicle 25. Washington DC: Armed Forces Institute of Pathology; 1999.
20.
HuangYSongJXuMZanQ. Primary Leydig cell tumour of epididymis: A rare case report with review of literature. Andrologia2013;45:430–433.
21.
LanzafameSLeonardiRTorrisiA. Extratesticular Leydig cell tumor of the spermatic cord. J Urol2004;171:1238–1239.
22.
VenturaLLeocataPHindAGrecoIVenturaT. Ectopic adrenal tissue in the spermatic cord. Case report and review of the literature. Arch Ital Urol Androl1998;70:15–18.
SchechterDC. Aberrant adrenal tissue. Ann Surg1968;167:421–426.
25.
DahlEVBahnRC. Aberrant adrenal contical tissue near the testis in human infants. Am J Pathol1962;40:587–598.
26.
MaresATShkolnikASacksMFeuchtwangerMM. Aberrant (ectopic) adrenocortical tissue along the spermatic cord. J Pediatr Surg1980;15:289–292.
27.
OkurHKucukaydinMKazezAKontasO. Ectopic adrenal tissue in the inguinal region in children. Pediatr Pathol Lab Med1995;15:763–767.
28.
SullivanJGGohelMKinderRB. Ectopic adrenocortical tissue found at groin exploration in children: Incidence in relation to diagnosis, age and sex. BJU Int2005;95:407–410.
29.
OzelSKKazezAAkpolatN. Presence of ectopic adrenocortical tissues in inguinoscrotal region suggests an association with undescended testis. Pediatr Surg Int2007;23:171–175.
30.
MendezRTelladoMGSomozaI. Ectopic adrenal tissue in the spermatic cord in pediatric patients: Surgical implications. Int Braz J Urol2006;32:202–207, discussion 7.
31.
BecciaDJKraneRJOlssonCA. Clinical management of non-testicular intrascrotal tumors. J Urol1976;116:476–479.
32.
KetataSKetataHSahnounAFakhFakhHBahloulAMhiriMN. Ectopic adrenal cortex tissue: An incidental finding during inguinoscrotal operations in pediatric patients. Urol Int2008;81:316–319.
33.
MichowitzMSchujmanESolowiejczykM. Aberrant adrenal tissue in the wall of a hernial sac. Am Surg1979;45:67–69.
34.
LackEE. Tumors of the adrenal gland and extra-adrenal paraganglia. SilverbergSG, ed. Washington, DC: American Registry of Pathology; 2007.
35.
ZandanellE. [Hyperplasia of accessory adrenal glands in Addison's disease]. Frankf Z Pathol1953;64:100–119.
36.
RoseEKEnterlineHTRhoadsJERoseE. Adrenal cortical hyperfunction in childhood; report of a case with adrenocortical hyperplasia and testicular adrenal rests. Pediatrics.1952;9:475–484.
CzaplickiMBablokLKuzakaBJanczewskiZ. Heterotopic adrenal tissue. Int Urol Nephrol1985;17:177–181.
39.
NistalMPaniaguaR. Congenital anomalies of the testis and the epididymis. In: Testicular and Epididymal Pathology. New York, NY: Thieme Stratton, Inc, 1984;74–75.
40.
Roosen-RungeECLundJ. Abnormal sex cord formation and an intratesticular adrenal cortical nodule in a human fetus. Anat Rec1972;173:57–67.
41.
PanerGPKristiansenGMcKenneyJKAminMB. Rete testis-associated nodular steroid cell nests: Description of putative pluripotential testicular hilus steroid cells. Am J Surg Pathol2011;35:505–511.
42.
NistalMPaniaguaRGonzalez-PeramatoPReyes-MugicaM. Perspectives in pediatric pathology, chapter 21: Testicular pathology in heritable metabolic disease. Pediatr Dev Pathol. In press.
BostroemE. Demonstration eines Praparates von Verwachsung der Milz mit dem Lenken Hoden. Versammlung, Freiburg: Verhandlungen der56;1883.
50.
PommerG. Verwachsung die linken kryptorchischen Hodens und Nebenhodens mit der milz in einen Missegehurt mit zahlreichen Bildemsdefecten. Ber Naturw Med Ver Innsbruck1889;17–19, 144–148.
51.
AlivizatosGSkolarikosASopilidisOFerakisNChortiM. Splenogonadal fusion: Report of a case and review of the literature. Int J Urol2005;12:90–92.
52.
KhairatABIsmailAM. Splenogonadal fusion: Case presentation and literature review. J Pediatr Surg2005;40:1357–1360.
MayJEBourneCW. Ectopic spleen in the scrotum: Report of 2 cases. J Urol1974;111:120–123.
72.
BraschJRoscherAA. Unusual presentation on the right side of ectopic testicular spleen. Int Surg1987;72:233–234.
73.
KufaasTSeppanenJSvenningsenS. Splenogonadal fusion. Z Kinderchir1983;38:232–236.
74.
CortesDThorupJMVisfeldtJ. The pathogenesis of cryptorchidism and splenogonadal fusion: A new hypothesis. Br J Urol1996;77:285–290.
75.
AndoSShimazuiTHattoriKYamamotoTKuriyagawaKAkazaH. Splenogonadal fusion: Case report and review of published works. Int J Urol2006;13:1539–1541.
76.
DuncanWLJrBarrazaMA. Splenogonadal fusion: A case report and review of literature. J Pediatr Surg2005;40:e5–e7.
77.
BasnyatPSJonesDAMorganRJDaviesCJFosterME. Splenogonadal fusion: Report of a rare variety. J R Coll Surg Edinb2001;46:108–109.
78.
GouwASElemaJDBink-BoelkensMTde JonghHJten KateLP. The spectrum of splenogonadal fusion. Case report and review of 84 reported cases. Eur J Pediatr1985;144:316–323.
79.
McPhersonFFriasJLSpicerDOpitzJMGilbert-BarnessEF. Splenogonadal fusion-limb defect “syndrome” and associated malformations. Am J Med Genet A2003;120A:518–522.
80.
SommerJR. Continuous splenicgonadal fusion with ectromelia: Teratogenesis; a case report. Pediatrics1958;22:1183–1188.
81.
WeissL. The development of the primary vascular reticulum in the spleen of human fetuses (38- to 57-mm crown-rump length). Am J Anat1973;136:315–337.
82.
BasbugMAkgunHOzgunMTTurkyilmazCBatukanCOzcelikB. Prenatal sonographic findings in a fetus with splenogonadal fusion limb defect syndrome. J Clin Ultrasound2009;37:298–301.
83.
LopesRIde MedeirosMTArapMACocuzzaMSrougiMHallakJ. Splenogonadal fusion and testicular cancer: Case report and review of the literature. Einstein (Sao Paulo, Brazil)2012;10:92–95.
LundJMBouhadibaNSamsVTsangT. Hepato-testicular fusion: An unusual case of undescended testes. BJU Int2001;88:439–440.
86.
MuenstererOJ. Laparoscopic single-stage Fowler-Stephens orchidopexy in a case of orchidogastric fusion. Urology2011;78:687–688.
87.
GoldbergJDrutR. Ectopic immature renal tissue. Report of two cases. Pathol Res Pract1984;179:115–123.
88.
PosalakyZDrakeRMMawkJR. Ectopic immature renal tissue over the dorsum of lumbar and sacral area in two infants. Pediatrics1982;69:336–339.
89.
JainDMartelMReyes-MugicaMParkashV. Heterotopic nephrogenic rests in the colon and multiple congenital anomalies: Possibly related association. Pediatr Dev Pathol2002;5:587–591.
90.
McDougallEMMikhaelBRCarpenterB. Ectopic renal tissue associated with an undescended testis: A case report. J Urol1986;135:1018–1019.
91.
DucosRWarrierRPMacKenzieFEvansB. Ectopic immature renal tissue in an infant with undescended testis. Am J Pediatr Hematol Oncol1986;8:264–266.
92.
YoshidaKOhamaKTsuchidaKMinatoHKurumayaH. Embryonal renal remnant in the gubernaculum testis. Eur J Pediatr Surg1999;9:186–188.
93.
ShonoTKaiHSuitaS. Ectopic renal tissue in the gubernaculum associated with undescended testis. BJU Int2002;89:320–321.
94.
SaitoSHigaIKoyamaY. Immature renal tissue in inguinal canal. J Urol1989;142:106–107.
95.
ArkovitzMSGinsburgHBEidelmanJGrecoMARausonA. Primary extrarenal Wilms' tumor in the inguinal canal: Case report and review of the literature. J Pediatr Surg1996;31:957–959.
96.
OrlowskiJPLevinHSDymentPG. Intrascrotal Wilms' tumor developing in a heterotopic renal anlage of probable mesonephric origin. J Pediatr Surg1980;15:679–682.
97.
TaylorWFMyersMTaylorWR. Extrarenal Wilms' tumour in an infant exposed to intrauterine phenytoin. Lancet1980;2:481–482.
98.
NucciMRFerryJAYoungRH. Ectopic prostatic tissue in the uterine cervix: A report of four cases and review of ectopic prostatic tissue. Am J Surg Pathol2000;24:1224–1230.
99.
ButterickJDSchnitzerBAbellMR. Ectopic prostatic tissue in urethra: A clinocopathological entity and a significant cause of hematuria. J Urol1971;105:97–104.
100.
ChanJKChowTCTsuiMS. Prostatic-type polyps of the lower urinary tract: Three histogenetic types?Histopathology1987;11:789–801.
101.
CraigJRHartWR. Benign polyps with prostatic-type epithelium of the urethra. Am J Clin Pathol1975;63:343–347.
102.
HeydermanEMandaliyaKNO'DonnellPJKadowCBultitudeMI. Ectopic prostatic glands in bulbar urethra. Immunoperoxidase study. Urology1987;29:76–77.
103.
MoreyAFKrederKJWikertGACooperGDresnerML. Ectopic prostate tissue at the bladder dome. J Urol1989;141:942–943.
104.
VieillefondACakalirCParadisVBensadounHBenoitG. [Ectopic prostatic polyp in the bladder. Report of 2 cases]. Prog Urol1993;3:71–74.
105.
WillisRA. Developmentally heterotopic tissues. The Borderland of Embryology and Pathology. 2nd ed.Washington, DC: Butterworth, 1962;315–350.
106.
SalemCEGibbsPMHighshawRAReuterVECoteRJ. Benign ectopic prostatic tissue involving the seminal vesicle in a patient with prostate cancer: Recognition and implications for staging. Urology1996;48:490–493.
107.
BrombergWDKozlowskiJMOyasuR. Prostate-type gland in the epididymis. J Urol1991;145:1273–1274.
108.
MilburnJMBluthEIMitchellWTJr. Ectopic prostate in the testicle: An unusual cause of a solid testicular mass on ultrasonography. J Ultrasound Med1994;13:578–580.
109.
VanBeekCAPetersCAVargasSO. Ectopic prostate tissue within the processus vaginalis: Insights into prostate embryogenesis. Pediatr Dev Pathol2005;8:379–385.
110.
LeeLYTzengJGrosmanMUngerPD. Prostate gland-like epithelium in the epididymis: A case report and review of the literature. Arch Pathol Lab Med2004;128:e60–e62.
111.
HonoreLH. Fatty metaplasia in a postpubertal undescended testis: A case report. J Urol1979;122:841–842.
112.
WoodhouseJBDelahuntBEnglishSFFraserHHFergusonMM. Testicular lipomatosis in Cowden's syndrome. Mod Pathol2005;18:1151–1156.
113.
OrloffMSEngC. Genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity in the PTEN hamartoma tumour syndrome. Oncogene2008;27:5387–5397.
114.
VenkatanarasimhaNHilmySFreemanS. Case 175: Testicular lipomatosis in Cowden disease. Radiology2011;261:654–658.
115.
WoodhouseJFergusonMM. Multiple hyperechoic testicular lesions are a common finding on ultrasound in Cowden disease and represent lipomatosis of the testis. Br J Radiol2006;79:801–803.
116.
AlnajjarHMSahaiAKeaneAGordonS. Testicular pain as a presentation of Cowden syndrome. Ann Roy Coll Surg Engl2011;93:e51–e52.
117.
AnguranaSKAnguranaRSPanigrahiIMarwahaRK. Proteus syndrome: Clinical profile of six patients and review of literature. Indian J Hum Genet2013;19:202–206.
118.
ZingadeNDZingadeNN. A rare case of Proteus syndrome. J Laryngol Otol2008;122:e7.
119.
PiccioneMFragapaneTAntonaVGiachinoDCupidoFCorselloG. PTEN hamartoma tumor syndromes in childhood: Description of two cases and a proposal for follow-up protocol. Am J Med Genet A2013;161A:2902–2908.
120.
LespiPJGregoriniSDDe LasaATD'OrazioO. Osteoma testicular. Presentacion de un caso y revision de la literatura. Patologia1999;37:289–290.
121.
SasakiKKinoshitaYHaradaMFukunagaN. Osteoma of the testis with its histogenetic consideration. Hinyokika Kiyo1989;35:1965–1968.