SampaioFJFavoritoLA. Analysis of testicular migration during the fetal period in humans. J Urol1998;159:540–542.
4.
ShonoTRamm-AndersonSHutsonJM. Transabdominal testicular descent is really ovarian ascent. J Urol1994;152:781–784.
5.
HeynsCFHumanHJWerelyCJDe KlerkDP. The glycosaminoglycans of the gubernaculum during testicular descent in the fetus. J Urol1990;143:612–617.
6.
EngleET. Experimentally-induced descent of the testes in the Macacas monkey by hormones from the anterior pituitary and pregnancy urine. The role of gonadokinetic hormones in pregnancy blood in the hormonal descent of the testis in man. Endocrinology1931;16:513–520.
7.
PintoGAbadieVMesnageR. CHARGE syndrome includes hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and abnormal olfactory bulb development. J Clin Endocrinol Metab2005;90:5621–5626.
8.
RitzénEMBerghABjerknesR. Nordic consensus on treatment of undescended testes. Acta Pediatr2007;96:638–643.
9.
AttahAAHutsonJM. The role of intra-abdominal pressure in cryptorchidism. J Urol1993;150:994–996.
BackhouseKM. The natural history of testicular descent and maldescent. Proc Royal Soc Med1966;59:357–360.
14.
HusmannDA. Testicular descent: A hypothesis and review of current controversies. Pediatr Endocrinol Rev.2009;6:491–495.
15.
BayKMainKMToppariJSkakkebaekNE. Testicular descent: INSL3, testosterone, genes and the intrauterine milieu. Nat Rev Urol2011;8:187–196.
16.
IvellRAnand-IvellR. Biology of pediatrics endocrinology Rev insulin-like factor 3 in human reproduction. Hum Reprod Update2009;15:463–476.
17.
BakerLANefSNguyenMT. The insulin-3 gene: Lack of a genetic basis for human cryptorchidism. J Urol2002;167:2534–2537.
18.
van VlissingenJM Fentenervan ZoelenEJUrsemPJWensingCJ. In vitro model of the first phase of testicular descent: Identification of a low molecular weight factor from fetal testis involved in proliferation of gubernaculum testis cells and distinct from specified polypeptide growth factors and fetal gonadal hormones. Endocrinology1988;123:2868–2877.
19.
HusmannDALevyJB. Current concepts in the pathophysiology of testicular undescent. Urology1995;46:267–276.
20.
van der SchootPVigierRPrepinJPerchelletJPGittenberger-de GrootA. Development of the gubernaculum and processus vaginalis in freemartinism: Further evidence in support of a specific fetal testis hormone governing male-specific gubernacular development. Anat Rec1995;241:211–224.
21.
VisserJHHeynsCF. Proliferation of gubernaculum cells induced by a substance of low molecular mass obtained from fetal pig testes. J Urol1995;153:516–520.
22.
ArrighiSBosiGGroppettiDArallaMCremonesiF. An insight into testis and gubernaculum dynamics of INSL3-RXFP2 signalling during testicular descent in the dog. Reprod Fertil Dev2010;22: 751–760.
23.
TomiyamaHHutsonJMTruonAAgoulnikAI. Transabdominal testicular descent is disrupted in mice with deletion of insulinlike factor 3 receptor. J Pediatr Surg2003;38:1793–1798.
24.
BartholdJS. Undescended testis: Current theories of etiology. Curr Opin Urol2008;18:395–400.
25.
ForestaCFerlinA. Role of INSL3 and LGR8 in cryptorchidism and testicular functions. Reprod Biomed Online2004;9:294–298.
26.
VirtanenHEToppariJ. Epidemiology and pathogenesis of cryptorchidism. Hum Reprod Update2008;14:49–58.
27.
GohDWMiddlesworthWFarmerPJHutsonJM. Prenatal androgen blockade with flutamide inhibits masculinization of the genitofemoral nerve and testicular descent. J Pediatr Surg1994;29: 836–838.
28.
HutsonJMBeasleySW. The mechanisms of testicular descent. Aust Paediatr J1987;23:215–216.
29.
ChanJJFarmerPJSouthwellBRSourialMHutsonJM. Calcitonin gene-related peptide is a survival factor, inhibiting apoptosis in neonatal rat gubernaculum in vitro. J Pediatr Surg2009; 44:1497–1501.
30.
CainMPKramerSATindallDJHusmannDA. Expression of androgen receptor protein within the lumbar spinal cord during ontologic development and following antiandrogen induced cryptorchidism. J Urol1994;152:766–769.
31.
TanyelFCErdemSBuyukpamukcuNTanE. Cremaster muscles obtained from boys with an undescended testis show significant neurological changes. BJU Int2000;85:116–119.
32.
BernsteinLPikeMCDepueRHRossRKMooreJWHendersonBE. Maternal hormone levels in early gestation of cryptorchid males: A case-control study. Br J Cancer1988;58:379–381.
33.
DelbesGLevacherCDuquenneCRacineCPakarinenPHabertR. Endogenous estrogens inhibit mouse fetal Leydig cell development via estrogen receptor alpha. Endocrinology2005;146:2454–2461.
34.
NationTRBalicASouthwellBRNewgreenDFHutsonJM. The hormonal control of testicular descent. Pediatr Endocrinol Rev2009; 7:22–31.
35.
SpencerJR. The endocrinology of testicular descent. AUA Update Series Lesson1994;12:94–99.
36.
StaubCRauchMFerriereF. Expression of estrogen receptor ESR1 and its 46-kDa variant in the gubernaculum testis. Biol Reprod2005;73:703–712.
37.
LagueETremblayJJ. Estradiol represses insulin-like 3 expression and promoter activity in MA-10 Leydig cells. Toxicology2009;258:101–105.
38.
BelmanAB. Acquired undescended (ascended) testis: Effects of human chorionic gonadotropin. J Urol1988;140:1189–1190.
39.
ClarnetteTDSugitaYHutsonJM. Genital anomalies in human and animal models reveal the mechanisms and hormones governing testicular descent. Br J Urol1997;79:99–112.
40.
WeberRFPierikFHDohleGRBurdorfA. Environmental influences on male reproduction. Brit J Urol Int2002;89:143–148.
41.
MassartFSaggeseG. Morphogenetic targets and genetics of undescended testis. Sex Dev2010;4:326–335.
