Embryonic Exposure to Low-Dose 17β-Estradiol Decreases Fetal Mass Sex Specifically in Male Mice and Does Not Cause Hypospadias

Abstract

Background

Endocrine-disrupting compounds are synthetic and natural compounds in the environment that can alter endocrine-governed developmental processes. Among these are the natural estrogens genistein, a plant isoflavone, and 17β-estradiol (E2), which is present in dietary animal products, such as eggs and meat. In addition, natural and synthetic steroids are administered to beef cattle to promote growth, and low levels of the estrogens can persist in the beef. Most previous work using E2 has involved injection; however, oral administration results in a different suite of hormone products following first-pass metabolism in the liver.

Methods

Low doses of E2 were administered orally to pregnant dams to determine embryonic effects. As end points of effects, we examined whether embryonic exposure produced hypospadias, an endocrine-linked abnormality of the male genitalia, and we assessed fetal mass.

Results

Male fetuses from the two highest dosage groups were significantly smaller than their control male counterparts, and males from the highest dosage group were also significantly smaller than control females. Control males were significantly larger than all females, and there was no difference in mass among control and treated females. Additionally, the E2 dose was inversely correlated with mass overall. No effect of these doses of E2 on hypospadias was seen.

Conclusions

These results indicate a sex-specific fetal effect of low-dose, orally administered E2, which appears to exert androgen-inhibiting effects on mass in males.