GuK, CowieCC, HarrisM. Diabetes and decline in heart disease mortality in US adults. JAMA1999;281:1291–1307.
2.
RossR. Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease. Am Heart J1999;138(pt 2):S419–S420.
3.
BiermanEL. George Lyman Duff Memorial Lecture: Atherogenesis in diabetes. Arterioscler Thromb1992;12:647–656.
4.
The Lipid Research Clinics Coronary Primary Prevention Trial results. II. The relationship of reduction in incidence of coronary heart disease to cholesterol lowering. JAMA1984;251:365–374.
5.
West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study: Identification of high-risk groups and comparison with other cardiovascular intervention trials. Lancet1996;348:1339–1342.
6.
DownJR, ClearfieldM, WeisS, WhitneyE, ShapiroDR, BeerePA, LangendorferA, SteinEA, KruyerW, GottoAMJr. Primary prevention of acute coronary events with lovastatin in men and women with average cholesterol levels: Results of AFCAPS/TexCAPS. Air Force/Texas Coronary Atherosclerosis Prevention Study. JAMA1998;279:1615–1622.
7.
Randomised trial of cholesterol lowering in 4444 patients with coronary heart disease: The Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S). Lancet1994;344:1383–1389.
8.
SacksFM, PfefferMA, MoyeLA, RouleauJL, RutherfordJD, ColeTG, BrownL, WarnicaJW, ArnoldJM, WunCC, DavisBR, BraunwaldE. The effect of pravastatin on coronary events after myocardial infarction in patients with average cholesterol levels. Cholesterol and Recurrent Events Trial investigators. N Engl J Med1996;335:1001–1009.
9.
The Long-Term Intervention with Pravastatin in Ischaemic Disease (LIPID) Study Group. Prevention of cardiovascular events and death with pravastatin in patients with coronary heart disease and a broad range of initial cholesterol levels. N Engl J Med1998;339:1349–1357.
10.
BrownG, AlbersJJ, FisherLD, SchaeferSM, LinJT, KaplanC, ZhaoXQ, BissonBD, FitzpatrickVF, DodgeHT. Regression of coronary artery disease as a result of intensive lipid-lowering therapy in men with high levels of apolipoprotein B. N Engl J Med1990;323:1289–1298.
11.
WattsGF, LewisB, BruntJN, LewisES, ColtartDJ, SmithLD, MannJI, SwanAV. Effects on coronary artery disease of lipid-lowering diet, or diet plus cholestyramine, in the St. Thomas’ Atherosclerosis Regression Study (STARS). Lancet1992;339:563–568.
12.
WatersD, HigginsonL, GladstoneP, BoccussiSJ, CookT, LesperanceJ. Effects of cholesterol lowering on the progression of coronary atherosclerosis in women. A Canadian Coronary Atherosclerosis Intervention Trial (CCAIT) substudy. Circulation1995;92:2404–2410.
13.
ZambonA, HokansonJE, BrownBG, BrunzellJD. Evidence for a new pathophysiological mechanism for coronary artery disease regression: Hepatic lipase-mediated changes in LDL density. Circulation1999;99:1959–1964.
14.
GardnerCD, FortmannSP, KraussRM. Association of small, low-density lipoprotein particles with the incidence of coronary artery disease in men and women. JAMA1996;276:875–881.
15.
LamarcheB, TchernofA, MoorjaniS, CantinB, DagenaisGR, LupienPJ, DespresJP. Small, dense low-density lipoprotein particles as a predictor of the risk of ischemic heart disease in men. Prospective results from the Quebec Cardiovascular Study. Circulation1997;95:69–75.
16.
ChaitA, BrazgRL, TribbleDL, KraussRM. Susceptibility of small, dense, low-density lipoproteins to oxidative modification in subjects with atherogenic lipoprotein phenotype, pattern B. Am J Med1993;94:350–356.
17.
de GraafJ, HendriksJC, DemackerPN, StalenhoefAF. Identification of multiple dense LDL subfractions with enhanced susceptibility to in vitro oxidation among hypertriglyceridemic subjects. Arterioscler Thromb1993;13:712–719.
18.
CrouseJRIII. New developments in the use of niacin for treatment of hyperlipidemia: new considerations in the use of an old drug. Coron Artery Dis1996;7:321–326.
19.
ZambonA, BrownBG, DeebS, BrunzellJD. Hepatic lipase as a focal point for the development and treatment of coronary artery disease. J Investig Med2001;49:112–118.
20.
HowardBV. Insulin resistance and lipid metabolism. Am J Cardiol1999;84:28J–32J.
21.
TaskinenMR. Insulin resistance and lipoprotein metabolism. Curr Opin Lipidol1995;6:153–160.
22.
DespresJP. Abdominal obesity as important component of insulin-resistance syndrome. Nutrition1993;9:452–459.
23.
AllayeeH, DominguezKM, AouizeratBE, KraussRM, RotterJI, LuJ, CantorRM, deBruinTW, LusisAJ. Contribution of the hepatic lipase gene to the atherogenic lipoprotein phenotype in familial combined hyperlipidemia. J Lipid Res2000;41:245–252.
24.
CarrMC, HokansonJE, DeebS, PurnellJQ, MitchellES, BrunzellJD. A hepatic lipase gene promoter polymorphism attenuates the increase in hepatic lipase activity with increasing intra-abdominal fat in women. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol1999;19:2701–2707.
25.
AustinMA, KingMC, VranizanKM, KraussRM. Atherogenic lipoprotein phenotype. A proposed genetic marker for coronary heart disease risk. Circulation1990;82:495–506.
26.
HokansonJE, AustinMA. Plasma triglyceride level is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease independent of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level: A meta-analysis of population-based prospective studies. J Cardiovasc Risk1996;3:213–219.
27.
AvinsAL, NeuhausJM. Do triglycerides provide meaningful information about heart disease risk?Arch Intern Med2000;160:1937–1944.
28.
FontbonneA, EschwegeE, CambienF, RichardJL, DucimetiereP, ThibultN, WarnetJM, ClaudeJR, RosselinGE. Hypertriglyceridemia as a risk factor of coronary heart disease mortality in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance or diabetes. Diabetologia1989;32:300–304.
29.
BergmanRN, Van CittersGW, MittelmanSD, DeaMK, Hamilton-WesslerM, KimSP, EllmererM. Central role of the adipocyte in the metabolic syndrome. J Investig Med2001;49:119–126.
30.
RebrinK, SteilGM, GettyL, BergmanRN. Free fatty acid as a link in the regulation of hepatic glucose output by peripheral insulin. Diabetes1995;44:1038–1045.
31.
LewisGF, VranicM, HarleyP, GiaccaA. Fatty acids mediate the acute extrahepatic effects of insulin on hepatic glucose production in humans. Diabetes1997;46:1111–1119.
32.
JensenMD, CarusoM, HeilingV, MilesJM. Insulin regulation of lipolysis in nondiabetic and IDDM subjects. Diabetes1989;38:1595–1601.
33.
BolinderJ, KagerL, OstmanJ, ArnerP. Differences at the receptor and postreceptor levels between human omental and subcutaneous adipose tissue in the action of insulin on lipolysis. Diabetes1983;32:117–123.
34.
GoodpasterBH, ThaeteFL, SimoneauJA, KelleyDE. Subcutaneous abdominal fat and thigh muscle composition predict insulin sensitivity independently of visceral fat. Diabetes1997;46:1579–1585.
35.
SullivanGW, SarembockIJ, LindenJ. The role of inflammation in vascular diseases. J Leukoc Biol2000;67:591–602.
36.
PentikainenMO, OorniK, Ala-KorpelaM, KovanenPT. Modified LDL - trigger of atherosclerosis and inflammation in the arterial intima. J Intern Med2000;247:359–370.
37.
RidkerPM, GlynnRJ, HennekensCH. C-reactive protein adds to the predictive value of total and HDL cholesterol in determining risk of first myocardial infarction. Circulation1998;97:2007–2011.
38.
PrescottSM, McIntyreTM, ZimmermanGA. Events at the vascular wall: The molecular basis of inflammation. J Investig Med2001;49:104–111.
39.
McCallMR, La BelleM, ForteTM, KraussRM, TakanamiY, TribbleDL. Dissociable and nondissociable forms of platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase in human plasma LDL: implications for LDL oxidative susceptibility. Biochim Biophys Acta1999;1437:23–36.
40.
HendersonWRJr, LuJ, PooleKM, DietschGN, ChiEY. Recombinant human platelet-activating factor-acetylhydrolase inhibits airway inflammation and hyperreactivity in mouse asthma model. J Immunol2000;164:3360–3367.
HsuehWA. PPAR-gamma effects on the vasculature. J Investig Med2001;49:127–129.
44.
BensonS, WuJ, PadmanabhanS, KurtzTW, PershadsinghHA. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-gamma expression in human vascular smooth muscle cells: Inhibition of growth, migration, and c-fos expression by the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-gamma activator troglitazone. Am J Hypertens2000;13:74–82.
45.
RidkerPM, CushmanM, StampferMJ, TracyRP, HennekensCH. Inflammation, aspirin and the risk of cardiovascular disease in apparently healthy men [published erratum appears inN Engl J Med1997;337:356]. N Engl J Med1997;336:973–979.
46.
RidkerPM, RifaiN, PfefferMA, SacksFM, MoyeLA, GoldmanS, FlakerGC, BraunwaldE, for the Cholesterol and Recurrent Events (CARE) investigators. Inflammation, pravastatin, and the risk of coronary events after myocardial infarction in patients with average cholesterol levels. Circulation1998;98:839–844.
47.
HaffnerSM, AlexanderCM, CookTJ, BoccuzziSJ, MuslinerTA, PedersenTR, KjekshusJ, PyoralaK. Reduced coronary events in simvastatin-treated patients with coronary heart disease and diabetes or impaired fasting glucose levels: subgroup analyses in the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study. Arch Intern Med1999;159:2661–2667.
48.
GoldbergRB, MelliesMJ, SacksFM, MoyeLA, HowardBV, HowardWJ, DavisBR, ColeTG, PfefferMA, BraunwaldE, for the CARE investigators. Cardiovascular events and their reduction with pravastatin in diabetic and glucose-intolerant myocardial infarction survivors with average cholesterol levels: subgroup analyses in the cholesterol and recurrent events (CARE) trial. Circulation1998;98:2513–2519.
49.
UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group. Tight blood pressure control and risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes: UKPDS 38 [published erratum appears inBMJ1999; 318:29]. BMJ1998;317:703–713.
50.
UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Intensive blood glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). Lancet1998;352:837–853.
51.
YudkinJS. How can we best prolong life? Benefits of coronary risk factor reduction in non-diabetic and diabetic subjects [published errata appear inBMJ1993;306:1739 and 1993;307:116]. BMJ1993;306:1313–1318.
52.
LiAC, BrownKK, SilvestreMJ, WillsonTM, PalinskiW, GlassCK. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma ligands inhibit development of atherosclerosis in LDL receptor-deficient mice. J Clin Invest2000;106:523–531.
