SpivakJL, BenderBS, QuinnTC.Hematologic abnormalities in the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Am J Med1984;77:224–228.
2.
PolkBF, FoxR, BrookmeyerR, . Predictors of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome developing in a cohort of seropositive homosexual men. N Engl J Med1987;316:61–66.
3.
MooreRD.Human immunodeficiency virus infection, anemia, and survival. Clin Infect Dis1999;29:44–49.
4.
AboulafiaDM, MitsuyasuRT.Hematologic abnormalities in AIDS. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am1991;5:195–214.
5.
EllaurieM, BurnsER, RubinsteinA.Hematologic manifestations in pediatric HIV infection: Severe anemia as a prognostic factor. Am J Pediatr Hematol Oncol1990;12:449–453.
6.
BarrosoJ.A review of fatigue in people with HIV infection. J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care1999;10:42–49.
7.
SembaRD, TangAM.Micronutrients and the pathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus infection. Br J Nutr1999;81:181–189.
8.
KreuzerKA, RockstrohJK.Pathogenesis and pathophysiology of anemia in HIV infection. Ann Hematol1997;75:179–187.
9.
SpivakJL, BarnesDC, FuchsE, QuinnTC.Serum immunoreactive erythropoietin in HIV-infected patients. JAMA1989;261:3104–3107.
10.
FuchsD, ZangerleR, Artner-DworzakE, . Association between immune activation, changes of iron metabolism, and anaemia in patients with HIV infection. Eur J Hematol1993;50:90–94.
11.
KravcikS, ToyeBW, FykeK, . Impact of Mycobacterium avium complex prophylaxis on the incidence of mycobacterial infections and transfusion-requiring anemia in an HIV-positive population. J Acquir Immun Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol1996;13:27–32.
12.
AbkowitzJL, BrownKE, WoodRW, KovachNL, GreenSW, YoungNS.Clinical relevance of parvovirus B19 as a cause of anemia in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. J Infect Dis1997;176:269–273.
13.
FolksTM, KesslerSW, OrensteinJM, JustementJS, JaffeES, FauciAS.Infection and replication of HIV-1 in purified progenitor cells of normal human bone marrow. Science1988;242:919–922.
14.
MosesA, NelsonJ, BagbyGCJr.The influence of human immunodeficiency virus-1 on hematopoiesis. Blood1998;91:1479–1495.
15.
PludaJM, MitsuyaH, YarchoanR.Hematologic effects of AIDS therapies. Hemat Oncol Clin North Am1991;5:229–248.
16.
QuinnTC.Global burden of the HIV pandemic. Lancet1996;348:99–106.
17.
YipR, DallmanPR.Iron.In:ZieglerEE, FilerLJJr, eds.Present knowledge in nutrition, 7th ed. Washington, DC: ILSI Press, International Life Sciences Institute; 1996:277–292.
18.
TurnerBJ, HauckWW, FanningTR, MarksonLE.Cigarette smoking and maternal-child HIV transmission. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol1997;14:327–337.
19.
BurnsDN, FitzGeraldG, SembaRD, . Vitamin A deficiency and other nutritional indices during pregnancy in human immunodeficiency virus infection: prevalence, clinical correlates, and outcome. Clin Infect Dis1999;29:328–334.
20.
St LouisME, KamengaM, BrownC, . Risk for perinatal HIV-1 transmission according to maternal immunologic, virologic, and placental factors. JAMA1993;269:2853–2859.
21.
BobatR, CoovadiaH, CoutsoudisA, MoodleyD.Determinants of mother-to-child transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection in a cohort from Durban, South Africa. Pediatr Infect Dis J1996;15:604–610.
22.
LadnerJ, LeroyV, HoffmanP, . Chorioamnionitis and pregnancy outcome in HIV-infected African women. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol1998;18:293–298.
23.
CoutsoudisA, PillayK, SpoonerE, KuhnL, CoovadiaHM.South African Vitamin A Study Group. Randomized trial testing the effect of vitamin A supplementation on pregnancy outcomes and early mother-to-child HIV-1 transmission in Durban, South Africa. AIDS1999;13:1517–1524.
24.
JohnGC, NduatiRW, Mbori-NgachaD, . Genital shedding of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 DNA during pregnancy: Association with immunosuppression, abnormal cervical or vaginal discharge, and severe vitamin A deficiency. J Infect Dis1997;175:57–62.
25.
MedaN, MandelbrotL, CartouxM, DaoB, OuangreA, DabisF.Anaemia during pregnancy in Burkina Faso, west Africa, 1995 96. DITRAME Study Group Bull World Health Organ1999;77:916–922.
26.
RamonR, SawadogoD, KokoFS, . Haematological characteristics and HIV status of pregnant women in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire, 1995 96. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg1999;93:419–422.
27.
SembaRD, KumwendaN, HooverDR, . Assessment of iron status using plasma transferrin receptor in pregnant women with and without human immunodeficiency virus infection in Malawi. Eur J Clin Nutr2000;54:872–877.
28.
Italian Register for HIV Infection in Children. Features of children perinatally infected with HIV-1 surviving longer than 5 years. Lancet 1994;343:191–195.
29.
AdewuyiJ, ChitsikeI.Haematologic features of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in black children in Harare. Cent Afr J Med1994;40:333–336.
30.
GreenbergBL, SembaRD, SchoenbaumEE, KleinRS.Vitamin A deficiency among former and current injecting drug users in Bronx, New York. Nutr Res1997;17:785–796.
31.
SaahAJ, HooverDR, HeY, KingsleyLA, PhairJP.Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study.Factors influencing survival after AIDS: report from the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS). J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr1994;7:287–295.
32.
SwansonCE, TindallB, CooperDA.Australian Zidovudine Study Group.Efficacy of zidovudine treatment in homosexual men with AIDS-related complex: Factors influencing development of AIDS, survival, and drug intolerance. AIDS1994;8:625- 634.
33.
Van der WerfMJ,van BenthemBHB,van AmeijdenAJCPrevalence, incidence and risk factors of anaemia in HIV-positive and HIV-negative drug users. Addiction2000;95:383–392.
34.
Creagh-KirkT, DoiP, AndrewsE, . Survival experience among patients with AIDS receiving zidovudine: Follow-up of patients in a compassionate plea program. JAMA1988;260:3009–3015.
35.
SteinbergJP, SpearJB, MurphyRL, . Predictors of outcome in AIDS patients receiving zidovudine. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr1989;2:229–234.
36.
SwansonCE, CooperDA.Australian Zidovudine Study Group.Factors influencing outcome of treatment with zidovudine of patients with AIDS in Australia. AIDS1990;4:749 -757.
37.
MooreRD, KerulyJ, RichmanDD, Creagh-KirkT, ChaissonRE.Zidovudine Epidemiology Study Group.Natural history of advanced HIV disease in patients treated with zidovudine. AIDS1992;6:671- 677.
38.
SembaRD, CaiaffaWT, GrahamNMH, CohnS, VlahovD.Vitamin A deficiency and wasting as predictors of mortality in human immunodeficiency virus-infected injection drug users. J Infect Dis1995;171:1196–1202.
39.
TurnerBJ, MarksonL, TaroniF.Estimation of survival after AIDS diagnosis: CD4+ lymphocyte count versus clinical severity. J Clin Epidemiol1996;49:59–65.
40.
SpinoC, KahnJO, DolinR, PhairJP.Predictors of survival in HIV-infected persons with 50 or fewer CD4 cells/mm3. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol1997;15:346–355.
41.
SullivanPS,HansonDL,ChuSY, JonesJL,WardJW, and the Adult/Adolescent Spectrum of Disease Group. Epidemiology of anemia in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected persons: results from the Multistate Adult and Adolescent Spectrum of HIV Disease Surveillance Project. Blood1998;91:301–308.
42.
UNICEF/UNU/WHO/MI.Preventing iron deficiency in women and children. Technical consensus on key issues. Boston International Nutrition Foundation; 1999.
43.
AllenLH.Anemia and iron deficiency: effects on pregnancy outcome. Am J Clin Nutr2000;71(suppl):1280S-1284S.
44.
AllenLH.Pregnancy and iron deficiency : Unresolved issues. Nutr Rev1997;55:91–101.
45.
MurphyJF, O'RiordanJ, NewcombeRG, . Relation of haemoglobin levels in the first and second trimesters to outcome of pregnancy. Lancet1986;1:992–994.
46.
MuellerBU, TannenbaumS, PizzoPA.Bone marrow aspirates and biopsies in children with human immunodeficiency virus infection. J Pediatr Hemat Oncol1996;18:266–271.
47.
Van den BroekNR,LetskyEA,WhiteSA,ShenkinA. Iron status in pregnant women: Which measurements are valid? Br J Haematol1998;103:817–824.
48.
MassaweSN, UrassaENJ, MmariM, RonquistG, LindmarkG, NystromL.The complexity of pregnancy anemia in Dar-es-Salaam. Gynecol Obstet Invest1999;47:76–82.
49.
BeachRS, Mantero-AtienzaE, Shor-PosnerG, . Specific nutrient abnormalities in asymptomatic HIV-1 infection. AIDS1992;6:701–708.
50.
GuarinoA, AlbanoF, TaralloL, . Intestinal malabsorption of HIV-infected children: Relationship to diarrhoea, failure to thrive, enteric micro-organisms and immune impairment. AIDS1993;7:1435–1440.
51.
De ViziaB, PoggiV, ConnenaR, FiorilloA, ScippaL.Iron absorption and iron deficiency in infants and children with gastrointestinal disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr1992;14:21–26.
52.
CastaldoA, TaralloL, PalombaE, . Iron deficiency and intestinal malabsorption in HIV disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr1996;22:359–363.
53.
BelitsosPC, GreensonJK, YardleyJH, SislerJR, BartlettJG.Association of gastric hypoacidity with opportunistic enteric infections in patients with AIDS. J Infect Dis1992;166:277–284.
54.
TarimoDS, KillewoJZ, MinjasJN, MsamangaGI.Prevalence of intestinal parasites in adult patients with enteropathic AIDS in north-eastern Tanzania. East Afr Med J1996;73:397–399.
55.
Khumalo-NgwenyaB, LuoNP,ChintusC,etal. Gut parasites inHIV-seropositive Zambian adults with diarrhoea.East Afr Med J1994;71:379–383.
BoelaertJR, WeinbergGA, WeinbergED.Altered iron metabolism in HIV infection: Mechanisms, possible consequences, and proposals for management. Infect Agents Dis1996;5:36–46.
58.
SavarinoA, PescarmonaGP, BoelaertJR.Iron metabolism and HIV infection: Reciprocal interactions with potentially harmful consequences?Cell Biochem Funct1999;17:279–287.
59.
CostagliolaDG, MontalembertM, LefrèreJJ, . Dose of desferrioxamine and evolution of HIV-1 infection in thalassaemic patients. Br J Haematol1994;87:849–852.
60.
SahliY, CastagliolaD, RebullaP, . Serum ferritin, desferrioxamine, and evolution of HIV-1 infection in thalassemic patients. J Acquir Immune Defic Hum Retrovirol1998;18:473–478.
61.
Salmon-CéronD, FontbonneA, SabaJ, . Lower survival in AIDS patients receiving dapsone compared with aerosolized pentamidine for secondary prophylaxis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. J Infect Dis1995;172:656–664.
JacobusDP.Randomization to iron supplementation of patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus disease: An inadvertent but controlled study with results important for patient care. J Infect Dis1996;173:1044–1045.
64.
GeorgiouNA,van der BruggenT,OudshoornM,NottetHSLM,MarxJJM,van AsbeckBS.Inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication in human mononuclear blood cells by the iron chelators deferoxime, deferiprone, and bleomycin. J Infect Dis2000;181:484–490.
65.
DelangheJR, LangloisMR, BoelaertJR, . Haptoglobin polymorphism, iron metabolism, and mortality in HIV infection. AIDS1998;12:1027–1032.
66.
De MonyéC, KarcherDS, BoelaertJR, GordeukVR.Bone marrow macrophage iron grade and survival of HIV-seropositive patients. AIDS1999;13:375–380.
67.
BogdenJD, BakerH, FrankO, . Micronutrient status and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Ann N Y Acad Sci1990;587:189–195.
CoodleyG, GirardDE.Vitamins and minerals in HIV infection. J Gen Intern Med1991;6:472–479.
70.
TangAM, GrahamNMH, ChandraRK, SaahAJ.Relation between serum vitamin B6, B12, and folate levels and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) disease progression. J Nutr1997;127:345–351.
71.
BoudesP, ZittounJ, SobelA.Folate vitamin B12, and HIV infection. Lancet1990;335:1401–1402.
72.
BeachRS, Mantero-AtienzaE, EisdorferC, Fordyce-BaumMK.Altered folate metabolism in early HIV infection. JAMA1988;259:518.
73.
TilkianSM, LefevreG, CoyleC.Altered folate metabolism in early HIV infection. JAMA1988;259:3128–3129.
74.
RevellP, O'DohertyMJ, TangA, SavidgeGF.Folic acid absorption in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. J Intern Med1991;230:227–231.
75.
FishmanSM, ChristianP, WestKPJr.The role of vitamins in the prevention and control of anemia. Public Health Nutr2000;3:125–150.
76.
BurkesRL, CohenH, KrailoM, SinowRM,CarmelR.Low serum cobalamin levels occur frequently in the acquired immune deficiency syndrome and related disorders. Eur J Haematol1987;38:141–147.
77.
HarrimanGR, SmithPD, HorneMK, FoxCH, KoenigS, LackEE, LaneHC, FauciAS.Vitamin B12 malabsorption in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Arch Intern Med1989;149:2039–2041.
78.
PaltielO, FalutzJ, VeilleuxM, RosenblattDS, GordonK.Clinical correlates of subnormal vitamin B12 levels in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. Am J Hematol1995;49:318–322.
79.
RuleSAJ, HookerM, CostelloC, LuckW, HoffbrandAV.Serum vitamin B12 and transcobalamin levels in early HIV disease. Am J Hematol1994;47:167–171.
80.
KieburtzKD, GiangDW, SchifferRB, YakilN.Abnormal vitamin B12 metabolism in human immunodeficiency virus infection: Association with neurological dysfunction. Arch Neurol1991;48:312–314.
81.
VeilleuxM, PaltielO, FalutzJ.Sensorimotor neuropathy and abnormal vitamin B12 metabolism in early HIV infection. Can J Neurol Sci1995;22:43–46.
82.
Mantero-AtienzaE, BaumMK, MorganR, WilkieF, Shor-PosnerG, FletcherMA, EisdorferC, BeachRS.Vitamin B12 deficiency in early human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection. Arch Intern Med1991;151:1019–1020.
83.
HerbertV, FongW, GulleV, StoplerT.Low holotranscobalamin II is the earliest serum marker for subnormal vitamin B12 (cobalamin) absorption in patients with AIDS. Am J Hematol1990;34:132–139.
84.
RemachaAF, MontagudM, CadafalchJ, RieraA, MartinoR, GimferrerE.Vitamin B12 transport proteins in patients with HIV-1 infection and AIDS. Haematologica1993;78:84–88.
85.
ModiglianiR, BoriesC, Le CharpentierY, . Diarrhoea and malabsorption in acquired immune deficiency syndrome: A study of four cases with special emphasis on opportunistic protozoan infestations. Gut1985;26:179–187.
86.
KapembwaMS, BridgesC, JosephAEA, FlemingSC, BatmanP, GriffinGE.Ileal and jejunal absorptive function in patients with AIDS and enterococcidial infection. J Infect1990;21:43–45.
87.
EhrenpreisED, CarlsonSJ, BoorsteinHL, CraigRM.Malabsorption and deficiency and vitamin B12 in HIV-infected patients with chronic diarrhea. Dig Dis Sci1994;39:2159–2162.
88.
GoodgameRW, KimballK, OuCN, . Intestinal function and injury in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related cryptosporidiosis. Gastroenterology1995;108:1075–1082.
89.
HerzlichBC, SchianoTD, MoussaZ, . Decreased intrinsic factor secretion in AIDS: Relation to parietal cell acid secretory capacity and vitamin B12 malabsorption. Am J Gastroenterol1992;87:1781–1787.
90.
TangAM, GrahamNMH, ChandraRK, SaahAJ.Relation between serum vitamin B6, B12, and folate levels and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) disease progression. J Nutr1997;127:345–351.
91.
SembaRD,Muhilal,WestKPJr, . Effect of vitamin A supplementation on hematological indicators of iron metabolism and nutritional status in children. Nutr Res1992;12:469–478.
92.
BloemMW.Interdependence of vitamin A and iron: An important association for programmes of anaemia control. Proc Nutr Soc1995;54:501–508.
93.
OkanoM, MasudaS, NaritaH, . Retinoic acid up-regulates erythropoietin production in hepatoma cells and in vitamin A-depleted rats. FEBS Lett1994;349:229–233.
94.
JelkmannW, PagelH, HellwigT, FandreyJ.Effects of antioxidant vitamins on renal and hepatic erythropoietin production. Kidney Int1997;51:497–501.
95.
SembaRD.Vitamin A and human immunodeficiency virus infection. Proc Nutr Soc1997;56:459–469.
96.
SuharnoD, WestCE,Muhilal,KaryadiD,HautvastJG.Supplementation with vitamin A and iron for nutritional anaemia in pregnant women in West Java, Indonesia. Lancet1993;342:1325–1328.
97.
MeansRTJr, KrantzSB.Progress in understanding the pathogenesis of the anemia of chronic disease. Blood1992;80:1639–1647.
98.
CashJM, SearsDA.The anemia of chronic disease: Spectrum of associated disease in a series of unselected hospitalized patients. Am J Med1989;87:638–644.
99.
SpivakJL.The blood in systemic disorders. Lancet2000;355:1707–1712.
100.
CartwrightGE.The anemia of chronic disorders. Semin Hematol1966;3:351–375.
ErslevAJ.Erythropoietin. N Engl J Med1991;324:1339–1344.
103.
SpivakJL, BarnesDC, FuchsE, QuinnTC.Serum immunoreactive erythropoietin in HIV-infected patients. JAMA1989;261:3104–3107.
104.
RarickMU, LoureiroC, GroshenS, . Serum erythropoietin titers in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and anemia. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr1991;4:593–597.
105.
CamachoJ, PovedaF, ZamoranoAF, ValenciaME, VásquezJJ,ArnalichF.Serum erythropoietin levels in anaemic patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection. Br J Haematol1992;82:608–614.
106.
KreuzerKA, RockstrohJK, JelkmannW, TheisenA, SpenglerU, SauerbruchT.Inadequate erythropoietin response to anaemia in HIV patients: Relationship to serum levels of tumour necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-6, and their soluble receptors. Br J Haematol1997;96:235–239.
107.
MurphyM, PerussiaB, TrinchieriG.Effects of recombinant tumor necrosis factor, lymphotoxin, and immune interferon on proliferation and differentiation of enriched hematopoietic precursor cells. Exp Hematol1988;16:131–138.
108.
FuchsD, ReibneggerG, WernerER, VinazzerH, WachterH.Low haemoglobin in haemophilia children is associated with chronic immune activation. Acta Haematol1991;85:62–65.
109.
SipsasNV, KokoriSI, IoannidisJPA, KyriakiD, TzioufasAG,KordossisT.Circulating autoantibodies to erythropoietin are associated with human immunodeficiency virus type 1-related anemia. J Infect Dis1999;180:2055–2157.
110.
BarosiG.Inadequate erythropoietin response to anemia: Definition and clinical relevance. Ann Hematol1994;68:215–223.
111.
WangZ, GoldbergMA, ScaddenDT.HIV-1 suppresses erythropoietin production in vitro. Exp Hematol1993;21:683–688.
112.
FischlM, GalpinJE, LevineJD, . Recombinant human erythropoietin for patients with AIDS treated with zidovudine. N Engl J Med1990;322:1488–1493.
113.
HenryDH, BeallGN, BensonCA, . Recombinant human erythropoietin in the treatment of anemia associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and zidovudine therapy: Overview of four clinical trials. Ann Intern Med1992;117:739–748.
114.
PhairJP, AbelsRI, McNeillMV, SullivanDJ.Recombinant human erythropoietin treatment: Investigational new drug protocol for the anemia of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: Overall results. Arch Intern Med1993;153:2669–2675.
115.
RevickiDA, BrownRE, HenryDH, McNeillMC, RiosA, WatsonT.Recombinant human erythropoietin and health-related quality of life of AIDS patients with anemia. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr1994;7:474–484.
116.
GoodnoughLT, AndersonKC, KurtzS, . Indications and guidelines for the use of hematopoietic growth factors. Transfusion1993;33:944–959.
117.
ZuccottiGV, FlumineP, LocatelliV, BanderaliG, RivaE.Growth factors and HIV-infection in children. J Int Med Res1993;21:342–345.
ShafranSD.Prevention and treatment of disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex infection in human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals. Int J Infect Dis1998;3:39–47.
120.
NightingaleSD, ByrdLT, SouthernPM, JockuschJD, CalSX, WynneBA.Incidence of Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex bacteremia in human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients. J Infect Dis1992;165:1082–1085.
121.
HorsburghCRJr.Mycobacterium avium complex infection in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N Engl J Med1991;324:1332–1338.
122.
SatheSS, GasconeP, LoW,PintoR, ReichmanLB.Severe anemia is an important negative predictor for survival with disseminated Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Am Rev Respir Dis1990;142:1306–1312.
123.
WallaceJM, HannahJB.Mycobacterium avium complex infection in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: A clinicopathological study. Chest1988;93:926–932.
124.
NightingaleSD, CameronDW, GordinFM, . Two controlled trials of rifabutin prophylaxis against Mycobacterium avium complex infection in AIDS. N Engl J Med1993;329:828–833.
125.
GascónP, SatheSS,RameshwarP.Impaired erythropoiesis in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome with disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex. Am J Med1993;94:41–48.
126.
EllaurieM, RubinsteinA.Elevated tumor necrosis factor-alpha in association with severe anemia in human immunodeficiency virus infection and Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infection. Pediatr Hematol Oncol1995;12:221–230.
127.
GardenerTD, FlanaganP, DrydenMS, CostelloC, ShansonDC, GazzardBG.Disseminated Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare infection and red cell hypoplasia in patients with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. J Infect1988;16:135–140.
128.
MirN, CostelloC, LuckitJ, LindleyR.HIV-disease and bone marrow changes: A study of 60 cases. Eur J Haematol1989;42:339–343.
129.
AndersonMJ.Parvoviruses as agents of human disease. Prog Med Virol1987;34:55–69.
PontJ, Puchhammer-StöcklE, ChottA, . Recurrent granulocytic aplasia as clinical presentation of a persistent parvovirus B19 infection. Br J Haematol1992;80:160–165.
132.
FrickhofenN, AbkowitzJL, SaffordM, . Persistent B19 parvovirus infection in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1): A treatable cause of anemia in AIDS. Ann Intern Med1990;113:926–933.
133.
GyllenstenK, SönnerborgA, Jorup-RönströmC, HalvarssonM, YunZ.Parvovirus B19 infection in HIV-1 infected patients with anemia. Infection1994;22:356–358.
134.
Leads from the MMWR.Risks associated with human parvovirus B19 infection. JAMA1989;2611406–1408, 1555–1563.
135.
CohenBJ, MortimerPP, PereiraMS.Diagnostic assays with monoclonal antibodies for the human serum parvovirus-like virus (SPLV). J Hygiene1983;91:113–130.
136.
LiuW, IttmannM, LiuJ, . Human parvovirus B19 in bone marrows from adults with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: A comparative study using in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. Hum Pathol1997;28:760–766.
137.
ChernakE, DubinG, HenryD, . Infection due to parvovirus B19 in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Clin Infect Dis1995;20:170–173.
138.
Van Elsacker-NeileAMW, KroonFP, van der EndeME, SalimansMMM, SpaanWJM, KroesACM. Prevalence of parvovirus B19 infection in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Clin Infect Dis1996;23:1255–1260.
139.
RaguinG, Leruez-VilleM, GregoireV, DeplancheM, LeportC, MorinetF, VildeJL.Low prevalence of active parvovirus B19 infection in HIV-infected patients. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis1997;16:760–762.
140.
NaidesSJ, HowardEJ, SwackNS, TrueCA, StapletonJT.Parvovirus B19 infection in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected persons failing or intolerant to zidovudine therapy. J Infect Dis1993;168:101–105.
141.
FullerA, MoavenL, SpelmanD, SpicerWJ, WraightH, CurtisD, LeydonJ, DoultreeJ, LocarniniS.Parvovirus B19 in HIV infection: A treatable cause of anemia. Pathology1996;28:277–280.
142.
RamratnamB, GollerkeriA, SchiffmanFJ, RintelsP, FlaniganTP.Management of persistent B19 parvovirus infection in AIDS. Br J Haematol1995;91:90–92.
143.
MartinsA, CostaA, OliveiraMJ, RodriguesM, RibeiroAP, SilvestreF, ReisA.Pure red cell aplasia due to persistent B19 parvovirus infection in patient infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1: Recovery with alpha-interferon therapy. Sangre (Barc)1998;43:67–69.
144.
MylonakisE, DickinsonBP, MilenoMD, . Persistent parvovirus B19 related anemia of seven years’ duration in an HIV-infected patient: Complete remission associated with highly active antiretroviral therapy. Am J Hematol1999;60:164–166.
OsborneBM, GuardaLA, ButlerJJ.Bone marrow biopsies in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Hum Pathol1984;15:1048–1053.
147.
CastellaA, CroxsonTS, MildvanD, WittDH, ZaluskyR.The bone marrow in AIDS: A histologic, hematologic, and microbiologic study. Am J Clin Pathol1985;84:425–432.
148.
SchneiderDR, PickerLJ.Myelodysplasia in the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Am J Clin Pathol1985;84:144–152.
149.
ZonLI, ArkinC, GroopmanJE.Haematologic manifestations of the human immune deficiency virus (HIV). Br J Haematol1987;66:251–256.
150.
TreacyM, LaiL, CostelloC, ClarkA.Peripheral blood and bone marrow abnormalities in patients with HIV related disease. Br J Haematol1987;65:289–294.
151.
BagnaraGP, ZauliG, GiovanniniM, ReMC, FurliniG, La PlacaM. Early loss of circulating hemopoietic progenitors in HIV-1-infected subjects. Exp Hematol1990;18:426–430.
152.
ClevelandRP, LiuYC.CD4 expression by erythroid precursor cells in human bone marrow. Blood1996;87:2275–2282.
153.
LeeB, RatajczakJ, DomsRW, GewirtzAM, RatajczakMZ.Coreceptor/chemokine receptor expression on human hematopoietic cells: Biological implications for human immunodeficiency virus-type 1 infection. Blood1999;93:1145–1156.
154.
ChelucciC, CasellaI, FedericoM, . Lineage-specific expression of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) receptor/coreceptors in differentiating hematopoietic precursors: Correlation with susceptibility to T- and M-tropic HIV and chemokine-mediated HIV resistance. Blood1999;94:1590–1600.
155.
FurliniG, VignoliM, RamazottiE, ReMC, VisaniG, La PlacaM.A concurrent human herpesvirus-6 infection renders two human hematopoietic progenitor (TF-1 and KG-1) cell lines susceptible to human immunodeficiency virus type-1. Blood1996;87:4737–4745.
156.
MolinaJM, ScaddenDT, SakaguchiM, FullerB, WoonA, GroopmanJE.Lack of evidence for infection of or effect on growth of hematopoietic progenitor cells after in vivo or in vitro exposure to human immunodeficiency virus. Blood1990;76:2476–2481.
157.
SteinbergHN, CrumpackerCS, ChatisPA.In vitro suppression of normal human bone marrow progenitor cells by human immunodeficiency virus. J Virol1991;65:1765–1769.
158.
ZauliG, ReMC, GiovanniniM, BagnaraGP, FurliniG, RanieriS, La PlacaM. Effect of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 on CD34+ cells. Ann N Y Acad Sci1991;628:273–279.
159.
ZauliG, ReMC, VisaniG, FurliniG, La PlacaM. Inhibitory effect of HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins gp120 and gp160 on the in vitro growth of enriched (CD34+) hematopoietic progenitor cells. Arch Virol1992;122:271–280.
160.
CenD, ZauliG, SzarnickiR, DavisBR.Effect of different human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) isolates on long-term bone marrow haemopoiesis. Br J Haematol1993;85:596–602.
161.
NealTF, HollandHK, BaumCM, VillingerF, AnsariAA, SaralR, WingardJR, FlemingWH.CD34+ progenitor cells from asymptomatic patients are not a major reservoir for human immunodeficiency virus-1. Blood1995;86:1749–1756.
162.
KaushalS, La RussaVF, GartnerS, . Exposure of human CD34+ cells to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 does not influence the expansion and proliferation of hematopoietic progenitors in vitro. Blood1996;88:130–137.
163.
KokaPS, JamiesonBD, BrooksDG, ZackJA.Human immunodeficiency virus type 1-induced hematopoietic inhibition is independent of productive infection of progenitor cells in vivo. J Virol1999;73:9089–9097.
164.
DavisBR, SchwartzDH, MarxJC, . Absent or rare human immunodeficiency virus infection of bone marrow stem/progenitor cells in vivo. J Virol1991;65:1985–1990.
165.
ZauliG, ReMC, VisaniG, . Evidence for a human immunodeficiency virus type 1-mediated suppression of uninfected hematopoietic (CD34+) cells in AIDS patients. J Infect Dis1992;166:710–716.
166.
LouacheF, HenriA, BettaiebA, . Role of human immunodeficiency virus replication in defective in vitro growth of hematopoietic progenitors. Blood1992;80:2991–2999.
167.
ShenH, ChengT, PrefferFI, . Intrinsic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 resistance of hematopoietic stem cells despite coreceptor expression. J Virol1999;73:728–737.
168.
WeicholdFF, ZellaD, BarabitskajaO, . Neither human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) nor HIV-2 infects most-primitive human hematopoietic stem cells as assessed in long-term bone marrow cultures. Blood1998;91:907–915.
169.
EsserR, GlienkeW, Von BriesenH,Rubsamen-WaigmannH,AndreesenR. Differential regulation of proinflammatory and hematopoietic cytokines in human macrophages after infection with human immunodeficiency virus. Blood1996;88:3474–3481.
170.
ScaddenDT, ZeiraM, WoonA, . Human immunodeficiency virus infection of human bone marrow stromal fibroblasts. Blood1990;76:317–322.
171.
MosesAV, WilliamsS, HeneveldML, . Human immunodeficiency virus infection of bone marrow endothelium reduces induction of stromal hematopoietic growth factors. Blood1996;87:919–925.
172.
MaciejewskiJP, WeicholdFF, YoungNS.HIV-1 suppression of hematopoiesis in vitro mediated by envelope glycoprotein and TNF-alpha. J Immunol1994;153:4303–4310.
173.
LevineAM, MeyerPR, BegandyMK, . Development of B-cell lymphoma in homosexual men. Clinical and immunologic findings. Ann Intern Med1984;100:7–13.
174.
ZieglerJL, DrewWL, MinerRC, . Outbreak of Burkitt's-like lymphoma in homosexual men. Lancet1982;2:631–633.
175.
SirisanthanaV, SirisanthanaT.Disseminated Penicillium marneffei infection in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children. Pediatr Infect Dis J1995;14:935–940.
LittleBJ, SpivakJL, QuinnTC, MannRB.Kaposi's sarcoma with bone marrow involvement: Occurrence in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Am J Med Sci1986;292:44–46.
178.
PrinsJM, SolCJ, RenwickN, GoudsmitJ, VeenstraJ, ReissP.Favourable effect of chemotherapy on clinical symptoms and human herpesvirus-8 DNA load in a patient with Kaposi's sarcoma presenting with fever and anemia. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis1999;18:499–502.
179.
MildvanD, MathurU, EnlowRW, . Opportunistic infections and immune deficiency in homosexual men. Ann Intern Med1982;96:700–704.
180.
PasternakJ, BolivarR.Bone marrow examination and culture in the diagnosis of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Arch Intern Med1983;143:1495.
181.
HeymanMR,RasmussenP.Pneumocystis carinii involvement of the bone marrow in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Am J Clin Pathol1987;87:780–783.
182.
AllenS, van de PerreP, SerufiliraA, . Human immunodeficiency virus and malaria in a representative sample of childbearing women in Kigali, Rwanda. J Infect Dis1991;164:67–71.
183.
HaneAA, ThiamD, CissokhoS, . Anomalies de l'hémogramme et immundépression dans l'association VIH/sidatuberculose pulmonaire [Hemato-immunological abnormalities in tuberculosis and HIV infection in Senegal]. Bull Soc Pathol Exot1999;92:161–163.
184.
BellWR, ChulayJD, FeinbergJE.Manifestations resembling thrombotic microangiopathy in patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease in a cytomegalovirus prophylaxis trial (ACTG 204). Medicine1997;76:369–380.
185.
VialeP, PaganiL, AlbericiF.Clinical features and prognostic factors of HIV-associated thrombotic microangiopathies. Eur J Haematol1998;60:262–263.
186.
TurnerME, KherK, RakusanT, . A typical hemolytic uremic syndrome in human immunodeficiency virus-1-infected children. Pediatr Nephrol1997;11:161–163.
187.
PeraldiMN, MasloC, AkpossoK, MougenotB, RondeauE, SraerJD.Acute renal failure in the course of HIV infection: A single-institution retrospective study of ninety-two patients and sixty renal biopsies. Nephrol Dial Transplant1999;14:1578–1585.
188.
GadallahMF, El-ShahawyMA, CampeseVM, ToddJR, KingJW.Disparate prognosis of thrombotic microangiopathy in HIV-infected patients with and without AIDS. Am J Nephrol1996;16:466–450.
189.
RichmanDD, FischlMA, GriecoMH, . The toxicity of azidothymidine (AZT) in the treatment of patients with AIDS and AIDS-related complex. N Engl J Med1987;317:192–197.
190.
ShafferN, ChuachoowongR, MockPA, . Short-course zidovudine for perinatal HIV-1 transmission in Bangkok, Thailand: A randomised controlled trial. Bangkok Collaborative Perinatal HIV Transmission Study Group Lancet1999;353:773–780.
191.
WiktorSZ, EkpiniE, KaronJM, . Short-course oral zidovudine for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 in Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire: A randomised trial. Lancet1999;353:781–785.
192.
DabisF, MsellatiP, MedaN, . 6-month efficacy, tolerance, and acceptability of a short regiment of oral zidovudine to reduce vertical transmission of HIV in breastfed children in Cote d'Ivoire and Burkina Faso: A double-blind placebo-controlled multicentre trial. DITRAME Study Group Diminution de la Transmission Mere-Enfant Lancet1999;353:786–792.
193.
SilvermanNS, WattsDH, HittiJ, . Initial multicenter experience with double nucleoside therapy for human immunodeficiency virus infection during pregnancy. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol1998;6:237–243.
194.
TsengA, ConlyJ, FletcherD, KeystoneD, SalitI, WalmsleyS.Precipitous declines in hemoglobin levels associated with combination zidovudine and lamivudine therapy. Clin Infect Dis1998;27:908–909.
195.
HesterEK, PeacockJRJr.Profound and unanticipated anemia with lamivudine-zidovudine combination therapy in zidovudine-experienced patients with HIV infection. AIDS1998;12:439–440.
196.
PrazuckT, SemailleC, RoquesS.Fatal acute hemolysis in an AIDS patient treated with indinavir. AIDS1998;12:531–533.
197.
Morrison-GriffithsS, NewmanM, O'MahonyC, PirmohamedM.Haemolytic anaemia associated with indinavir. Postgrad Med J1999;75:313–315.
198.
Anonymous.Antiviral briefs: Ritonavir and anemia in women. AIDS Patient Care STDS2000;14:101–102.
199.
MylonakisE, DickinsonB, FellerA, . Combination antiretroviral therapy including a protease inhibitor eliminated the transfusion requirements of HIV-infected individuals with anemia of chronic disease. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Human Retrovirol1998;19:306–307.