Systems of Employee Voice: Theoretical and Empirical Perspectives

Hirschman Albert O. , Exit, Voice, and Loyalty (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1970).

Freeman Richard B. Medoff James L. , What Do Unions Do? (New York, NY: Basic Books, 1984).

Lewin David Peterson Richard B. , The Modern Grievance Procedure in the United States (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1988); Lewin David , “Dispute Resolution in the Nonunion Firm: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis,” Journal of Conflict Resolution, 31 (September 1987): 465–502; Lewin David , “Grievance Procedures in Nonunion Workplaces: An Empirical Analysis of Usage, Dynamics, and Outcomes,” Chicago-Kent Law Review, 68 (1992b, forthcoming).

This is a revised version of a paper originally presented in a Symposium on Employee Voice at the Forty-Fourth Annual Meeting of the Industrial Relations Research Association (IRRA), New Orleans, LA, January 1992. We draw on and liberally refer to other papers presented in the IRRA Syposium by Aaron (1992), McCabe (1992), Bain (1992), and Kleiner (1992). Revised versions of the first two of these papers are contained in this issue of California Management Review.

Bain Trevor , “Employee Voice: A Comparative International Perspective,” paper presented to the Forty-Fourth Annual Meeting of the Industrial Relations Research Association, New Orleans, LA, January 1992; Dworkin James B. Lee Barbara A. , “The Implications of Europe 1992 for Labor-Management Relations,” in Katz Harry C. , ed., The Future of Industrial Relations (Ithaca, NY: New York State School of Industrial and Labor Relations, Cornell University, 1991), pp. 1–24.

Bain , op. cit.

Freeman Medoff , op. cit.

Svejnar Jan , “Co-determination and Productivity: Empirical Evidence From the Federal Republic of Germany,” in Jones Derek C. Svejnar Jan , eds., Participatory and Self-Managed Firms (Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1982), pp. 275–298.

Blumenthal W.N. , Codetermination in the German Steel Industry (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Industrial Relations Section, 1986).

Fitzroy Felix R. Kraft Kornelius , “Unionization, Wages, and Efficiency,” Kyklos, 38 (1985): 537–554.

Schnabel Claus , “Trade Unions and Productivity: The German Evidence,” British Journal of Industrial Relations, 29 (March 1991): 15–24.

Kraft Kornelius , “Exit and Voice in the Labor Market: An Empirical Study of Quits,” Journal of Theoretical and Institutional Economics, 142 (1986): 697–715.

Wilson Nicholas Peel Michael J. , “The Impact of Absenteeism and Quits on Profit-Sharing and Other Forms of Employee Participation,” Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 44 (July 1991): 454–468.

Fitzroy Kraft , op. cit.

Wilson Peel , op. cit.

Bain Trevor , “German Co-Determination and Employment Adjustments in Steel and Autos,” Columbia Journal of World Business, 18 (Spring 1983): 40–47; Bain (1992), op. cit.; Industrial Democracy in Europe International Research Group, “Participation: Formal Rules, Influence, and Involvement,” Industrial Relations, 10 (Fall 1979): 273–294.

Bain (1992), op. cit,; Dworkin Lee , op. cit.

Bain (1992), op. cit.

Bain (1992), op. cit.; Stern Robert N. , “Participation by Representation,” Work and Occupations, 15 (November 1988): 396–442.

Svejnar Jan , “Relative Wage Effects of Unions, Dictatorship, and Codetermination: Economic Evidence From Germany,” The Review of Economics and Statistics, 63 (May 1981): 188–197

Benelli Giuseppe Loderor Claudio Lys Thomas , “Labor Participation in Corporate Policy-Making Decisions: West Germany's Experience with Co-determination,” Journal of Business, 60/4 (1987): 553–575.

Jones Derek C. Pliskin Jeffrey , “British Evidence on the Employment Effects of Profit Sharing,” Industrial Relations, 28 (Spring 1989): 276–298.

Jones Derek C. , “The Productivity Effects of Worker Directors and Financial Participation by Employees in the Firm: The Case of British Retail Cooperatives,” Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 41 (October 1987): 79–92.

Cable J. Fitzroy Felix R. , “Cooperation and Productivity: Some Evidence From West German Experience,” Economic Analysis and Workers' Management, 14 (1980): 163–180.

Svejnar(1982), op. cit.

Hobson Charles T. Dworkin James B. , “West German Labor Unrest: Are Unions Losing Ground to Workers' Councils?,” Monthly Labor Review, 109 (February 1986): 46–48.

Kassalow Everett M. , “Employee Representation on U.S. German Boards,” Monthly Labor Review, 112 (September 1989): 39–42.

Hammer Tove H. Currall Steven C. Stern Robert N. , “Worker Representation on Boards of Directors: A Study of Competing Roles,” Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 44 (July 1991): 661–680.

Dworkin Lee , op. cit.

Dickens Linda Hart Moira Jones Michael Weekes Brian , “The British Experience Under a Statute Prohibiting Unjust Dismissal,” Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 37 (July 1984): 497–514.

See, for example, Summers Clyde W. , “Individual Protection Against Unjust Dismissal,” Virginia Law Review, 44/2 (1976): 481–533; Peck Charles , “Unjust Discharges From Employment: A Necessary Change in the Law,” Ohio State Law Review, 40 (Fall 1979): 678–699; Stieber Jack , “Employment at Will: An Issue for the 1980s,” Proceedings of the 36th Annual Meeting, Industrial Relations Research Association (Madison, WI: IRRA, 1984), pp. 1–13; Weiler Paul C. , Governing the Workplace: The Future of Labor and Employment Law (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1990).

Krueger Alan B. , “The Evolution of Unjust Dismissal Legislation in the United States,” Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 44 (July 1991): 644–660.

Ibid.

Aaron Benjamin , “Employee Voice: A Legal Perspective,” California Management Review, 34/3 (Spring 1992).

Ibid.

Ibid.

Kleiner Morris , “Employee Voice: An Economic Perspective,” paper presented to the Forty-Fourth Annual Meeting of the Industrial Relations Research Association, New Orleans, LA, January 1992.

Ibid.

Ichniowski Casey , “The Effects of Grievance Activity on Productivity,” Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 40 (October 1986): 75–89.

Katz Harry C. Kochan Thomas A. Gobeille Kenneth R. , “Industrial Relations Performance, Economic Performance, and Quality of Working Life Programs: An Inter-plant Analysis,” Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 37 (October 1987): 3–17.

Katz Harry C. Kochan Thomas A. Weber Mark R. , “Assessing the Effects of Industrial Relations Systems and Efforts to Improve the Quality of Working Life on Organizational Effectiveness,” Academy of Management Journal, 28 (September 1985): 509–526.

Norsworthy J.R. Zabala Craig A. , “Worker Attitudes, Worker Behavior, and Productivity in the American Automobile Industry: 1959–1976,” Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 38 (July 1985): 544–557.

Ichniowski Casey Lewin David , “Grievance Procedures and Firm Performance,” in Kleiner Morris M. Block Richard N. Roomkin Myron Salsburg Sidney W. , eds., Human Resources and the Performance of the Firm (Madison, WI: Industrial Relations Research Association, 1987), pp. 159–193.

Kleiner , op. cit.

Ichniowski Lewin , op. cit.; Cappelli Peter Chauvin Keith , “An Economic Model of Employee Grievances,” Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 45 (October 1991): 1–17.

Freeman Medoff , op. cit.

Aaron , op. cit.

Lewin Peterson , op. cit.

See also, Lewin David , “Conflict Resolution and Management in Contemporary Work Organizations: Theoretical Perspectives and Empirical Evidence,” in Bacharach Samuel B. amd Seeber Ronald L. , eds., Research in Organizational Sociology, 13 (special issue, 1992a, forthcoming); Peterson Richard B. Lewin David , “Lessons From Research on Unionized Grievance Procedures: A Critical Review and Appraisal,” (Los Angeles, CA: UCLA Institute of Industrial Relations Working Paper #210, July 1991).

Delaney John Thomas Lewin David Ichniowski Casey , Human Resource Policies and Practices in American Firms, BLMR No. 137 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of Labor, Bureau of Labor-Management Relations and Cooperative Programs, 1989).

Ichniowski Casey Delaney John Thomas Lewin David , “The New Human Resource Management in the U.S.: Is it Really New and is it Only Nonunion,” Relations Industrielles/Industrial Relations, 44 (Winter 1989): 93–117.

Littrell Lawrence R. , “Grievance Procedure and Arbitration in a Nonunion Environment: The Northrop Experience,” in Stern James L. , ed., Arbitration Issues for the 1980s, Proceedings of the Thirty-Fourth Annual Meeting, National Academy of Arbitrators (Washington, D.C.: Bureau of National Affairs, 1982), pp. 29–39.

Westin Alan F. Salisbury Stephan , Individual Rights in the Corporation (New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 1980).

Freedman Audrey , The New Look in Wage Policy and Employee Relations, Report No. 856 (New York, NY: The Conference Board, 1985); Fiorito Jack Lowman Christopher Nelson Forrest D. , “The Impact of Human Resource Policies on Union Organizing,” Industrial Relations, 26 (Spring 1987): 113–126.

Kleiner , op. cit.; see also, Williamson Oliver , Markets and Hierarchies: Analysis and Antitrust Implications (New York, NY: Free Press, 1975).

Kleiner , op. cit.

Bendix Reinhard , Work and Authority in Industry (New York, NY: Harper and Row, 1956).

Jacoby Sanford M. , Employing Bureaucracy: Managers, Unions, and the Transformation of Work in American Industry, 1900–1945 (New York, NY: Columbia University Press, 1985).

Ichniowski Casey Lewin David , “Characteristics of Grievnce Procedures: Evidence from Nonunion, Union, and Double-Breasted Businesses,” Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting, Industrial Relations Research Association (Madison, WI: IRRA, 1988), pp. 415–424; Cappelli Chauvin , op. cit.

McCabe Douglas M. Lewin David , “Employee Voice: A Human Resource Management Perspective,” California Management Review, 34/3 (Spring 1992).

Ichniowski Lewin (1987), op. cit.; Delaney Lewin Ichniowski , op. cit.

See, for example, Cappelli Chauvin , op. cit.

McCabe Lewin , op. cit.

Ibid.

Delaney Lewin Ichniowski , op. cit.

Aaron , op. cit.; Weiler, op. cit.

Lewin (1992a), op. cit.

Lewin (1987), op. cit.; Lewin (1992b); op. cit.

Boroff Karen Lewin David , “Loyalty, Voice, and Intent to Exit a Nonunion Firm: A Conceptual and Empirical Analysis,” (Los Angeles, CA: UCLA Institute of Industrial Relations Working Paper #211, August 1991).

See also, Boroff Karen , “Loyalty—A Correlate of Exit, Voice, or Silence?,” Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Meeting, Industrial Relations Research Association (Madison, WI: IRRA, 1990), pp. 304–317; Boroff Karen , “Measuring the Perceptions of the Effectiveness of a Workplace Complaint Procedure,” in Sockell Donna Lewin David Lipsky David B. , eds., Advances in Industrial and Labor Relations, 5 (1991): 207–233.

Lewin David Boroff Karen Ng Alvin , “Managerial and Nonmanagerial Employee Responses to a Dispute Resolution System: A Test of Exit, Voice, and Loyalty Theory,” UCLA Institute of Industrial Relations Working Paper #223, Los Angeles, CA (June 1992).

Hirschman , op. cit.

Freeman Medoff , op. cit.

Brown Charles Medoff James L. , “The Employer Size Wage Effect,” Journal of Political Economy, 97 (October 1989): 1027–1059; Allen Steven G. Clark Robert L. , “Pensions and Firm Performance,” in Kleiner Morris M. Block Richard N. Roomkin Myron Salsburg Sidney W. , eds., Human Resources and the Performance of the Firm (Madison, WI: Industrial Relations Research Association, 1987), pp. 195–242.

Levine David I. , “Job Characteristics and Wage Anomalies,” Haas School of Business Working Paper, University of California, Berkeley, CA (July 1991).

Delaney Lewin Ichniowski , op. cit.

Osterman Paul , Employment Futures: Reorganization, Dislocation, and Public Policy (Cambridge: Oxford University Press, 1988).

Lewin David , “The Future of Employee Involvement/Participation in the United States,” Labor Law Journal, 40 (August 1989): 470–475; Lawler Edward E. III , High Involvement Management (San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, 1986).