The Moral Muteness of Managers

Barnard Chester , The Function of the Executive (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1938), p. 154; Breen George E. , “Middle Management Morale in the 80's,” An AMA Survey Report (New York, NY: The American Management Association, 1983); McCormick Mark H. , What They Don't Teach You at Harvard Business School (Toronto: Bantam Books, 1984), chapter 2.

DeTocqueville Alexis , Democracy in America, Vol. 2., translated by Reeve Henry , revised by Bowen Francis (New York, NY: Mentor Books, 1945), pp. 129–132.

McCoy Charles , Management of Values: The Ethical Differences in Corporate Policy and Performance (Boston, MA: Pitman, 1985), pp. 8, 9, 16, 98; Silk Leonard Vogel David , Ethics and Profits: The Crisis of Confidence in American Business (New York, NY: Simon and Schuster, 1976), chapter 8; Solomon Robert C. Hanson Kristine R. , It's Good Business (New York, NY: Atheneum, 1985), p. xiv; see also, Pastin Mark , The Hard Problems of Management: Gaining the Ethics Edge (San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, 1986), Introduction, Part One.

Waters James A. Bird Frederick Chant Peter D. , “Everyday Moral Issues Experienced by Managers,” Journal of Business Ethics (Fall 1986), pp. 373–384; Toffler Barbara Ley , Tough Choices: Managers Talk Ethics (New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons, 1986); Kram Kathy E. Yaeger Peter C. Reed Gary , “Ethical Dilemmas in Corporate Context,” paper presented at Academy of Management, August 1988; Derry Robin , “Managerial Perceptions of Ethical Conflicts and Conceptions of Morality: A Qualitative Interview Study,” paper presented at Academy of Management, August 1988.

Waters James A. Bird Frederick B. , “The Moral Dimension of Organizational Culture,” Journal of Business Ethics, 6/1 (1987): 18.

Habermas Jurgen , The Theory of Communicative Action, Vol. I, translated by McCarthy Thomas (Boston, MA: The Beacon Press, 1984), Part I, chapter 3.

Taylor Mark L. , A Study of Corporate Ethical Policy Statements (Dallas, TX: The Foundation of the Southwestern Graduate School of Banking, 1980).

Bird Frederick Waters James A. , “The Nature of Managerial Moral Standards,” Journal of Business Ethics, 6 (1987): 1–13.

Wilhelm George Hegel Frederick , Philosophy of Right, translated by Knox T. M. (London: Oxford University Press, 1952, 1967), pp. 93–103.

Aristotle , The Nichomachean Ethics, translated by Rhomson J. A.R. (Middlesex, U.K.: Penguin Books, 1953), Book VII; Winch Peter , Ethics and Action (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1972), chapters 4, 8.

Waters Bird Chant , op. cit.; Bird Frederick Westley Frances Waters James A. , “The Uses of Moral Talk: Why Do Managers Talk Ethics,” Journal of Business Ethics (1989).

Nader Ralph Petkas Peter Blackwell Kate , eds., Whistle Blowing (New York, NY: Grossman, 1972); Nielsen Richard P. , “What Can Managers Do About Unethical Management?” Journal of Business Ethics 6/4 (1987).

Kerr Steven , “Integrity in Effective Leadership,” in Suresh Srivastra and Associates, eds., Executive Integrity (San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, 1988).

Geertz Clifford , The Interpretation of Cultures (New York, NY: Basic Books, 1973), chapter 9.

Williamson Oliver E. , “Transactional Cost Economics: The Governance of Contractual Relations,” Journal of Law and Economics (1980), pp. 233–261.

Pastin , op. cit., chapter 3; Silk Vogel , op. cit., chapter 2; Solomon Hanson , op. cit., p. 5; Kerr , op. cit., p. 138.

Hirschman Albert , Exit, Voice and Loyalty: Responses to Decline in Firms and States (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1970), chapter 7.

Kram Yaeger Read , op. cit., p. 28.

Friedman Milton , “The Social Responsibility of Business Is to Increase its Profit,” New York Times Magazine, September 13, 1970.

Waters Bird , op. cit., pp. 16–18.

Waters Bird Chant , op. cit.

Blake Judith Davis Kingsley , “Norms, Values and Sanctions” in Wrong Dennis Gracey Harry L. , Readings in Introductory Sociology (New York, NY: Macmillan Co., 1967).

Durkheim Emile , Suicide, translated by Spaulding John A. Simpson George (New York, NY: The Free Press, 1974), chapter 2; Bird Frederick , “Morality and Society: An Introduction to Comparative Sociological Study of Moralities,” unpublished manuscript, 1988, chapter 4.

Weick Karl E. , “Organizational Culture as a Source of High Reliability,” California Management Review, 29/2 (Winter 1987): 112–127.

Bernstein Basil , Class Codes, and Control (St. Albans, NY: Palladin, 1973).

Westley Frances Bird Frederick , “The Social Psychology of Organizational Commitment,” unpublished paper, 1989.

Hanson Kirk , “Ethics and Business: A Progress Report,” in McCoy Charles , ed., Management of Values (Boston, MA: Pitman, 1985), pp. 280–88; Twining Fred McCoy Charles , “How to Manage Values in Organizations,” unpublished manuscript, 1987; Pastin , op. cit.

Bird Westley Waters , op. cit.

Twining McCoy , op. cit.

Waters James A. , “Integrity Management: Learning and Implementing Ethical Principles in the Workplace,” in Srivastva S. , ed., Executive Integrity (San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, 1988).

Waters James A. Chant Peter D. , “Internal Control of Management Integrity: Beyond Accounting Systems,” California Management Review, 24/3 (Spring 1982): 60–66.