The Globalization of Business Ethics: Why America Remains Distinctive

“The Salomon Shocker: How Bad Will It Get?” Business Week. August 26, 1991, p. 36.

Feder Barnaby , “Overseeing Insurance Reform at London's Venerable Mart,” New York Times, January 8, 1984, p. 6.

Putka Gary , “British Face Finance-Industry Scandals Just as They Move to Deregulate Markets,” Wall Street Journal, August 12, 1985, p. 20.

Rice Robert Waters Richard , “Fraud Office Drops Charges in Third Guinness Case,” Financial Times, February 9, 1992, p. 1.

The Guardian, August 28, 1990, p. 1.

“An Honor System Without Honor,” Economist, December 14, 1991, p. 81.

Mike Milotte and Nally David , “A Season of Scandals,” The Sunday Tribune, September 22, 1991, p. 6; see also Clarke Peter Tierney Elizabeth , “Business Troubles in the Republic of Ireland,” Business Ethics; A European Review (April 1992), pp. 134–138.

Greenhouse Steven , “An Old Club Transformed,” New York Times, July 23, 1991, p. C6.

Greenhouse Steven , “Modest Insider-Trading Stir Is a Huge Scandal in France,” New York Times, January 30, 1989, p. D1.

Protzman Ferdinand , “Insider Trading Scandal Grows,” New York Times, July 23, 1991, p. C6.

“Sweeping out the Stables,” Economist, August 31, 1991, p. 15.

Riding Alan , “Olivetti's Chairman Is Convicted in Bank Fraud that Shocks Italy,” New York Times, April 17, 1992.

“Top Tax-Evader Gets Four-Year Sentence,” Japan Times Weekly International Edition, May 11–17, 1992, p. 2.

van Luijk Henk J. L. , “Recent Developments in European Business Ethics,” Journal of Business Ethics, 9: 538.

Donaldson John , Ethics in European Business—A Casebook (London: Academic Press Ltd., 1991).

“Ethics and Worse,” Financial Times, July 3, 1992, p. 12.

Farhi Paul Frankel Glenn , “Pardon Me, Old Bean, But Aren't Your Pants on Fire?” Washington Post National Weekly Edition, December 23–29, 1991, p. 20.

Greenhouse (1989), op. cit., p. D9.

Sterngold James , “Japan's Rigged Casino,” New York Times Magazine, April 26, 1992, p. 48.

The quotation is from Scandal by Suzanne Garment. Quoted in Yardley Jonathan , “The Truly Corrupt Vs. the Merely Sleazy,” Washington Post National Weekly Edition, October 7–23, 1991, p. 35. While Garment's book is about political scandals, her analysis can be applied to scandals involving the private sector as well.

Galluccio Nick , “The Boss in the Slammer,” Forbes, February 5, 1979, p. 61.

Ferrey Steven , “Hard Time,” The Amicus Journal (Fall 1988), p. 12.

Gold Allen , “Increasingly, A Prison Term Is the Price Paid by Polluters,” New York Times, February 15, 1991, p. B10.

Ibid.

“Dishing the Dirt,” Economist, February 9, 1991, p. 70.

Kahn Joseph , “When Bad Management Becomes Criminal,” INC. (March 1987), p. 48.

Ibid.

“Investors Beware: Stock Market Rules Vary Considerably,” New York Times, July 23, 1991, p. C7.

Greenhouse (1991), op. cit., p. C9.

Sterngold James , “Informal Code Rules Markets,” New York Times, July 23, 1991, C6.

Vercher Antonio , “The Use of Criminal Law for the Protection of the Environment in Europe: Council of Europe Resolution (77)28,” Northwestern Journal of International Law and Business, 10 (1990), p. 448.

Corson Ben , Shopping for A Better World (New York, NY: Ballantine Books, 1989).

de Woot Philippe , “The Ethical Challenge To The Corporations: Meaningful Progress and Individual Development,” in Enderle George , eds., People In Corporations, (Boston. MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1990), p. 79.

Huntington Samuel P. , American Politics: The Promise of Disharmony (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1981), p. 60.

Ibid, p. 15.

Ethics in American Business, Touche Ross, December 1987, p. 2.

See O'Toole James “Doing Good By Doing Well,” California Management Review, 33/3 (Spring 1991): 9–24.

“The Insider-Trading Dragnet is Stretching Across the Globe,” Business Week, March 23, 1987, p. 51.

“Hidden Japan,” Business Week, August 26, 1991, p. 18.

Reid T. R. , “In Japan, Too, Money Is The Mother's Milk of Politics,” Washington Post National Weekly Edition, September 14–29, 1991, p. 18.

Ibid.

“Hey, America, Lighten Up A Little,” Economist, July 28, 1990.

van Luijk , op. cit., p. 542.

Ibid.

Ibid., pp. 543–544.

Kerhuel Antoine , “De Part et D'Autre De L'Atlantique” [ Vogel David translation].

This statement was made at an executive training session at IMD in the fall of 1991 that the author taught.

de Bettignies Henri-Claude , “Ethics and International Business: A European Perspective,” paper presented at the Tokyo Conference on the Ethics of Business in a Global Economy, Kashiwa-shi, Japan, September 10–12, 1991, p. 11.

Lewis Paul , “European Businessmen Don't Take Their Morality So Seriously,” New York Times, March 3, 1978, Section 4, p. 2.

The handful of exceptions includes: Langlois Catherine Schegelmilch Bodo , “Do Corporate Codes of Ethics Reflect National Character? Evidence from Europe and the United States,” Journal of International Business Studies (Fourth Quarter 1990), pp. 519–539; van Luijk , op. cit., pp. 537–544; Gundling Ernest , “Ethics and Working with the Japanese: The Entrepreneur and me ‘Elite Course’,” California Management Review, 33/3 (Spring 1991): 25–39; Ciulla Joanne , “Why Is Business Talking about Ethics?” California Management Review, 34/1 (Fall 1991): 67–86.

Toshiba Machine Company, Harvard Business School #388-197.