SchumpeterJ.A., The Theory of Economic Development (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1934).
2.
AbernathyW.J.ClarkK.B., “Innovation: Mapping the Winds of Creative Destruction,”Research Policy, 14 (1985):3–22.
3.
TushmanM.L.AndersonP., “Technological Discontinuities and Organizational Environments,”Administrative Science Quarterly, 31 (1986):439–465.
4.
DosiG., “Technological Paradigms and Technological Trajectories,”Research Policy, 11 (1982): 147–162.
5.
TeeceD.J., “Profiting from Technological Innovation: Implications for Integration, Collaboration, Licensing and Public Policy,” in TeeceD.J., ed., The Competitive Challenge: Strategies for Industrial Innovation and Renewal (Cambridge, MA: Ballinger, 1987).
6.
HambrickD.C.CrozierL.M., “Stumblers and Stars in the Management of Rapid Growth,”Journal of Business Venturing, 1 (1985):31–45; MaidiqueM.A.HayesR.H., “The Art of High-Technology Management,”Sloan Management Review, 25 (Winter 1984); BahramiH.EvansS., “Strategy Making in High-Technology Firms,”California Management Review, 31/2 (Winter 1989): 107–128.
7.
HamiltonW.F., “The Dynamics of Technology and Strategy,”European Journal of Operational Research (Spring 1990).
8.
BrightJ.R., “Some Management Lessons from Technological Innovation Research,”Long Range Planning, 2/1 (1969):36–41.
9.
RumeltR.P., “Towards a Strategic Theory of the Firm,” in LambR.B., ed., Competitive Strategic Management (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1984), pp.566–570.
10.
Teece, op. cit.
11.
ShanW., Technological Change and Strategic Cooperation: Evidence from the Commercialization of Biotechnology (Ann Arbor, MI: University Microfilms, 1987).
12.
Schumpeter, op. cit.
13.
TushmanAnderson, op. cit.
14.
DibnerM.D., “Factories of Our Future,”Consumer Research, (February 1989).
15.
ArakakiE.A., “A Study of the U.C. Competitive Position in Biotechnology,” in U.S. Department of Commerce, High-Technology Industries: Profiles and Outlooks—Biotechnology (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Commerce, 1984).
16.
DibnerM.D., Biotechnology Guide—U.S.A. (New York, NY: Stockton Press, 1988).
17.
This represented the entire population of relatively new firms involved with biotechnology as reported in the following directories: CoombsJ., The International Biotechnology Directory (The Nature Press, 1984); the directory at The North Carolina Biotechnology Center; Genetic Engineering News Guide to Biotechnology Companies (December 1986); and BioScan—The Biotechnology Corporate Directory Service (Oryx Press, 1987).
18.
HambrickD.C., “An Empirical Typology of Mature Industrial-Product Environments,”Academy of Management Journal, 26 (1983):213–230.
19.
HamiltonW.F., “Corporate Strategies for Managing Emerging Technologies,”Technology in Society, 1 (1986):197–212.