Redundant,Overlapping Organization: A Japanese Approach to Managing the Innovation Process

E.g., Allen T. J. , “Study of the Problem-Solving Process in Engineering Design,” IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management (June 1966); Tushman M. L. , “Special Boundary Roles in the Innovation Process,” Administrative Science Quarterly, 22 (December 1977).

Simon H.A. , “Rational Decision Making in Business Organization,” American Economic Review, 69 (1979).

E.g., Prigogine I. Stegners I. , Order Out of Chaos (Toronto: Bantam Books, 1984); Haken H. , “Can Synergetics Be of Use to Management Theory?,” in Ulrich H. Probst G.J.B. , eds., Self-Organization and Management of Social Systems (Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1984); Gleick J. , Chaos, (London: Penguin Books, 1987).

Schön D. A. , The Reflective Practitioner (New York, NY: Basic Books, 1983), p. 40.

E.g., Nonaka I. , “Managing the Organizational Information Creation Process,” in Imai K. , ed., Innovation and Organization (Toyo Keizai Shinpo-sha, 1986 [in Japanese]); Nonaka I. , “An Organization Theory of Information and Knowledge Creation,” Organizational Science, 22/4 (1989) [in Japanese]; Nonaka I. Kenney M. , “Innovation as an Organizational Information Creation Process: A Comparison of Canon Inc. and Apple Computer,” working paper, 1989; Nonaka I. Yamanouchi A. , “Managing Innovation as a Self-Renewing Process,” Journal of Business Venturing, 4/5 (1989).

Some of these studies have been published in Imai K. Nonaka I. Takeuchi H. , “Managing the New Product Development Process: How Japanese Companies Learn and Unlearn,” in Clark K. Hayes R. Lorenz C. , eds., The Uneasy Alliance, (Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press, 1985); Takeuchi H. Nonaka I. , “The New New Product Development Game,” Harvard Business Review, 64 (January/February 1986); Nonaka Yamanouchi , op. cit.

Imai , op. cit.

Polanyi M. , Personal Knowledge (New York, NY: Harper & Row, 1962).

MacCulloch W.S. , “A Heterarchy of Values Determined by the Topology of Nervous Nets,” Embodiment of Mind (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1965).

Haken , op. cit.

Williamson O.E. , Market and Hierarchies: Antitrust Implications (New York, NY: The Free Press, 1975).

Janis I. , Victims of Group Think (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin, 1972).

Nonaka (1986), op. cit.

Nonaka I. , “Creating Organizational Order Out of Chaos,” California Management Review, 30/3 (Spring 1988).

Ashby W. , An Introduction to Cybernetics, (London: Chapman and Hall, 1955).

Landau M. , “Redundancy, Rationality, and the Problem of Duplication and Overlap,” Public Administration Review, 14/4 (1969).

Norman D. A. , “Reflections on Cognition and Parallel Distributed Processing,” in McClelland J.L. Rumelhard D.H. , eds., Parallel Distributed Processing, Volume 2 (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1986).