See, for example, CohenStephenZysmanJohn, Manufacturing Matters: The Myth of the Post-Industrial Economy (New York, NY: Basic Books, 1987); ThurowLester C., The Zero Sum Solution: Building a World-Class American Economy (New York, NY: Simon and Schuster, 1985); HayesRobert H.WheelwrightSteven C., Restoring Our Competitive Edge: Competing Through Manufacturing (New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons, 1984); GoochJamesGeorgeMichaelMontgomeryDouglas, America Can Compete! (Dallas, TX: Institute of Business Technology, 1987); JasinowskiJerry, “Why Manufacturing Is Essential to the American Econmy” (Washington, D.C.: National Association of Manufacturers, August 1987).
2.
One of the most widely publicized perspectives on this mode was that put forth by Business Week in their issue on “The Hollow Corporation,” March 3, 1986, pp. 57–85. This was a response in part to an earlier article by AbernathyWilliamHayesRobert H., “Managing Our Way to Economic Decline,”Harvard Business Review (July/August 1980), pp. 67–77. A useful description of how this mode is often unwittingly carried out by senior management is given in Chapter 12 of HayesRobert H.WheelwrightSteven C.ClarkKim B., Dynamic Manufacturing (New York, NY: The Free Press, 1988), pp.365–368.
3.
See, for example, AbegglenJames C.StalkGeorgeJr., Kaisha: The Japanese Corporation (New York, NY: Basic Books, 1985), pp.61–63.
4.
AEA is an industry association comprised of over 600 manufacturing firms. It includes virtually all of the major U.S. companies (and many smaller firms) in the semiconductor, computer, computer peripheral, and electronic instrument industries. The study referenced here was conducted by PRT&M, a subsidiary of Peat-Marwick-Main, Mountain View, California, 1988.
5.
This study, conducted by SeveranceDennis G.PassinoJacques H.Jr., was reported in “Sainthood for U.S. Manufacturing? More Managers Are Talking about Heaven Than Going There,”Planning Review (November/December 1988).
6.
Published by the Association for Manufacturing Excellence, Wheeling, Illinois 60090.
7.
See JaikumarRamchandran, “Postindustrial Manufacturing,”Harvard Business Review (November/December 1986), pp.69–76; JaikumarRamchandran, “Advanced Manufacturing and Technology Policy,” unpublished lecture notes, Harvard Business School, Spring 1989.
8.
See JaikumarRamchandran, “From Filing and Fitting to Flexible Manufacturing: A Study of the Evolution of Process Control,”Harvard Business School, 1988.
9.
In addition to information collected by the authors on SteelChaparral, published data sources include “Chaparral Steel—Abridged,” Harvard Business School Case Services #9-687-045, 1987; KantrowAlan M., “Wide Open Management at Chaparral Steel: An Interview with CEO Gordon Forward,”Harvard Business Review (May/June 1986), pp. 96–102.
10.
The authors wish to express special thanks to their executive and academic colleagues who participate in an informal “mnanufacturing vision” discussion and research group. This section is based largely on the collective consensus of that group, representing five firms and four universities.
11.
See HayesRobert H.WheelwrightSteven C.ClarkKim B., Dynamic Manufacturing (New York, NY: Free Press, 1988), pp.363–364.
