The Green Fee: Internalizing and Operationalizing Environmental Issues

Throughout this paper we draw liberally on Wood D.J. , “Corporate Social Performance Revisited,” Academy of Management Review, 16/4 (1991): 691–718. Our discussion is not meant to provide an exact representation of Wood's CSP framework.

The description is based on Table 2 of Wood, op. cit., p. 696. The quotes are also taken from that Table. There is inevitably some room for ambiguity in the interpretation of the principles of corporate environmental responsibility, but the interpretation we follow seems to correspond to that suggested by Wood in Table 3, p. 710.

See p. 883 of Sanyal R.N. Neves J.S. , “The Valdez Principles: Implications for Corporate Social Responsibility,” Journal of Business Ethics, 10 (1991): 883–890.

See p. 54 of Mahon J.F. Kelley P.C. , “Managing Toxic Wastes—After Bhopal and Sandoz” Long Range Planning, 20/4 (1987): 50–59.

The Economist, September 8, 1990, p. 15.

See pp. 399–400 of Bowman E. Kunreuther H. , “Post-Bhopal Behaviour at a Chemical Company.” Journal of Management Studies, 25/4 (July 1988): 387–402.

The Economist, September 8, 1990, p. 15.

Shrivastava P. , Bhopal (Anatomy of a Crisis) (Cambridge, MA: Ballinger Publishing Company, 1987).

Mitroff I.I. Pauchant T.C. Shrivastava P. , “The Structure of Man-made Organizational Crises.” Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 33 (1988): 83–107.

Mahon Kelley , op. cit., p. 58.

Buchholz R.A. Marcus A.A. Post J.E. , Managing Environmental Issues (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1992), pp. 247–260.

Kirkpatrick D. , “Environmentalism: The New Crusade.” Fortune, February 12, 1990, pp. 44–55.

Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Investments: The Cost of a Clean Environment (Washington. D.C.: EPA, 1990); quoted in Post J.E. , “Managing as if the Earth Mattered,” Business Horizons (July/August 1991), pp. 32–38.

The Economist, November 2, 1991, p. 71.

The Economist, September 8, 1990, p. 12.

The Economist, September 8, 1990, p. 13.

Environment Report, EIU European Trends, 2 (1992): 32.

The Economist, September 19, 1992, pp. 88–89.

The Economist, September 19, 1992, p. 92.

The Economist, November 16, 1991, p. 77.

NRC Handelsblad, September 9, 1990.

The Economist, April 7, 1992, p. 61.

See p. 372 of Weissman S.H. Sekutowski J.C. , “Environmentally Conscious Manufacturing: A Technology for the Nineties,” Total Quality Environmental Management, 1/4 (Summer 1992): 369–378.

This example is also given by Wood , op. cit.

The Economist, September 8, 1990, p. 8.

Buchholz Marcus Post , op. cit., pp. 179–180, 198.

Environment Report, EIU European Trends, 2 (1991): 52.

The Economist, September 8, 1990, p. 22.

See p. 80 of Bloom G.F. Morton M.S. Scott , “Hazardous Waste is Every Manager's Problem,” Sloan Management Review (Summer 1991), pp. 75–84.

Bloom Morton Scott , op. cit.

The Economist, August 8, 1992, p. 11.

Bloom Morton Scott , op. cit., p. 76.

The Economist, August 8, 1992, p. II.

Buchholz Marcus Post , op. cit., pp. 170–175.

The Economist, November 16, 1991, pp. 77–78.

Fortune, October 23, 1989, p. 46.

Fortune, October 23, 1989, p. 50.

Stuller J. , “The Politics of Packaging,” Across the Board (January/February 1990), pp. 41–48.

Levin G. , “Consumers Turning Green: JWT Survey.” Advertising Age, November 12, 1990.

ENDS Report, 188 (September 1990): 24–26.

Rolfes R. , “How Green Is Your Market Basket?” Across the Board (January/February 1990), pp. 49–51.

ENDS Report, 208 (May 1992): 22–24.

Buchholz Marcus Post , op. cit., pp. 261–286.

Porter M.E. , The Competitive Advantage of Nations (New York. NY: The Macmillan Press Ltd., 1990).

Barrett S. , “Environmental Regulation for Competitive Advantage,” Business Strategy Review (Spring 1991), pp. 1–15.

See Table 3 on p. 710 of Wood , op. cit.

See p. 40 of Kleiner A. , “What Does It Mean To Be Green?” Harvard Business Review (July/August 1991), pp. 38–47.

Barrett , op. cit.

Environment Report, EIU European Trends, 2 (1991): 54–55.

Cairncross F. , “How Europe's Companies Reposition to Recycle,” Harvard Business Review (March/April 1992), pp. 34–45.

Examples are CIBA-GEIGY. Environmental Protection (Basle. Switzerland, 1988), or an anonymous firm mentioned in Bowman Kunreuther , op. cit.

Kleiner , op. cit.

Bodily S.E. Gabel L.H. , “A New Job for Businessmen: Managing the Company's Environmental Resources,” Sloan Management Review (Summer 1982), pp. 3–18.

Bowersox D.J. , “The Strategic Benefits of Logistics Alliances,” Harvard Business Review (July/August 1990), pp. 36–45.

Weissman Sekutowski , op. cit.

Kleiner , op. cit.

Professor Donald Huisingh, Erasmus University Rotterdam (NL), private communication.

Kleiner , op. cit.

Eigenmann G. , “Environmental Protection—A Management Task.” 2nd World Congress of Engineering & Environment, November 7–9, New Delhi, India, 1985.

Kaplan R.S. , “Yesterday's Accounting Undermines Production.” Harvard Business Review (July/August 1984), pp. 95–101.

Buchholz Marcus Post , op. cit., p. 149.

Baram M.S. Partan D.G. , eds., Corporate Disclosure of Environmental Risks: U.S. and European Law (Salem. NH: Butterworth Legal Publishers, Reed Publishing. 1990).

Bloom Morton Scott , op. cit., pp. 80–81.

For more on environmental auditing, see Harrison L.L. , ed., The McGraw-Hill Environmental Auditing Handbook (New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 1984); the International Chamber of Commerce, “ICC Position Paper on Environmental Auditing.” Industry and Environment (October/December 1988), pp. 14–17; UNEP/IEO, “Environmental Auditing,” Technical Report Series No. 2, 1990.

Kleiner , op. cit.