Management and Accelerating Technology

The new emphasis upon these activities is illustrated by the fact that the House Committee on Science and Astronautics and its companion Senate Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences are the first entirely new parallel committees of both Houses of Congress to be formed since 1892.

Strengthening American Science, A Report of the President's Science Advisory Committee (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1958), p. 2.

Urgent National Needs—Address of the President of the United States (House Doc. 174, 87th Cong., 1st sess., 1961), pp. 11–12.

Education for the Age of Science, Statement by the President's Science Advisory Committee (Washington: 1959), pp. 2–3.

Defense Space Interests (Hearings before the House Committee on Science and Astronautics, 87th Cong., 1st sess., 1961), p. 18.

Ellis David O. Ludwig Fred J. , Systems Philosophy (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1963), p. 3.

For a more detailed discussion of the systems concept, see Johnson Richard Kast F. E. Rosenzweig J. E. , The Theory and Management of Systems (New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., 1963).

Ellis Ludwig , op. cit., p. 94.

Kast F. E. Rosenzweig J. E. , “A Survey of the Intra-company Impact of Weapon System Management,” IRE Transactions on Engineering Management, March, 1962, pp. 37–40.

Thompson Victor A. , “Hierarchy, Specialization, and Organization Conflict,” Administrative Science Quarterly, March, 1961, p. 485.

Hower Ralph M. Orth Charles D. suggest, “When one examines carefully the conflicts that arise between scientists and managers, one finds that many of them relate more to means than to ends, and preferences as to means reflect many of the values commonly attributed to the two groups. Many of the industrial scientists strive to achieve influence and power via the external frame of reference through contributions recognized by other scientists; whereas most managers of necessity must seek the same goal through the internal frame of reference by achieving recognition from their hierarchial superiors within the organization in which they are employed.” Managers and Scientists, (Boston: Graduate School of Business Administration, Harvard University, 1963), p. 299.

For a more detailed discussion of these topics see: Brewer S. H. Rosenzweig J. E. , “Rhochrematics and Organizational Adjustments,” California Management Review, Spring, 1961, pp. 52–71; Kast F. E. Rosenzweig J. E. , “Weapon System Management and Organizational Adjustments,” Journal of the Academy of Management, Dec., 1961, pp. 198–204; Kast F. E. Rosenzweig J. E. , “A Survey of the IntraCompany Impact of Weapon System Management,” IRE Transactions on Engineering Management, March, 1962, pp. 37–40; Rosenzweig J. E. , “The Weapon Systems Management Concept and Electronic Data Processing,” Management Science, Jan., 1960, pp. 149–164.

Kennedy John L. , “Psychology and System Development,” in Gagné Robert M. , ed., Psychological Principles in System Development (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1962), p. 16.