Electronic Computers and Management Organization

Courtney Peggy , ed., Business Electronics Reference Guide (Controllership Foundation, Inc., New York, 1958), pp. 273–274.

“Computer Census,” Data Processing, April 1961, p. 32. These data on number of computer systems delivered are also supported by the John Diebold and Associates computer census at the end of 1960 as reported in their Automated Data Processing Newsletter of January 23, 1961.

See Neuschel Richard F. , Management by Systems (McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., New York, 1960), p. 40; Gallagher James D. , “Organization of the Data Processing Function,” Chapter II-B, Management Control Systems, Malcolm Donald G. Rowe Alan J. , eds. (John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1960); and Baumes Carl G. , Administration of Electronic Data Processing, Studies in Business Policy, No. 98 (The National Industrial Conference Board, New York, 1961).

Baumes , Administration of EDP, p. 4.

Adapted from Daniel D. Ronald , “Measure Your EDP Progress: A ‘5,000-Mile’ Checkup,” The Management Review, March, 1961, pp. 75ff.

Gregory Robert H. Van Horn Richard L. , Automatic Data Processing Systems—Principles and Procedures (Wadsworth Publishing Co., Belmont, Calif., 1960), p. 378.

Postley John A. , Computers and People (McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., New York, 1960), p. 24.

Baumes , Administration of EDP, p. 57.

Ibid. See also Daniel , “Measure your EDP Progress,” esp. p. 76.

Neuschel , Management by Systems.

Baumes , Administration of EDP, p. 59.

Conway J. Gibbons Watts D. , Business Experience and Electronic Computers, a Synthesis of What Has Been Learned from Electronic Data Processing Installations (Controllers Institute Research Foundation, Inc., New York, 1959), p. 80.

Conway , Business Experience, p. 80.

Baumes , Administration of EDP, p. 59.

Ibid.

For two expositions which indicate that programming languages still have a way to go before they reach their full potential, see “The Rand Symposium: 1962,” Datamation, October, 1962, pp. 25–32, and Cantrell Harry N. , “Where Are Compiler Languages Going?” Datamation, August, 1962, pp. 25–28. That programmers are still much in demand and considered to be, in part, “born” rather than “made,” is maintained by Olaf Engelsen in “A Pressing Problem: Trained Programming Personnel,” Data Processing Digest, October, 1962, pp. 17–20.

Neuschel , Management by Systems, p. 269.

Baumes , Administration of EDP, p. 8. See also Neuschel , Management by Systems, p. 23. John S. Sinclair in the foreword to the National Industrial Conference Board study suggests possible reasons for the neglect in direction and guidance. “First of all, management may be so impressed with the great power and versatility of electronic computers that they may be led to think it possible to achieve savings despite weak planning, lack of sound organization, and the inertia or resistance of their employees. For another thing, many managements are not aware of the degree of coordination and integration that is needed to make electronic data-processing really pay off.”

Daniel , “Measure Your EDP Progress,” p. 23.

Stone Milton M. , “Data Processing and the Management Information System,” Data Processing Today: A Progress Report, Newgarden Albert , ed. (American Management Association, New York, 1960).

Leonard William P. , “The Management Audit,” Chapter 5, p. 94. See also, McSweeney Edward , “How to Organize Your Business for More Effective Management,” Section 3, pp. 116–117; J. K. Lasser's Business Management Handbook, Perau Sydney , ed., 2nd ed. (McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 1960).

Conway , Business Experience, pp. 146–147.

Daniel , “Measure Your EDP Progress,” p. 76.

Malcolm D. G. Rowe A. J. , “An Approach to Computer-Based Management Control Systems,” California Management Review, Spring, 1961, as summarized in Data Processing Digest, August, 1961, p. 18. See also, Blank Virgil , “The Management Concept in Electronic Systems,” The Journal of Accountancy, January, 1961, p. 59, and “Editorial,” Data Processing, May, 1961, p. 50.

Daniel , “Measure Your EDP Progress,” p. 76; see also, Baumes , Administration of EDP.

Shultz George P. Whisler Thomas L. , eds., Management Organization and the Computer (The Free Press of Glencoe, Illinois, 1960), pp. 18–19.

Postley , Computers and People, p. 19.

Simon Herbert A. , The New Science of Management Decision (Harper and Brothers, New York, 1960), p. 42. Simon's comments on another occasion are summarized in Anshen Melvin Bach George , eds., Management and Corporations, 1985 (McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 1960), p. 207.

Anshen Bach , Management, 1985, p. 207–208. See also Anshen , “The Manager and the Black Box,” Harvard Business Review, November-December, 1960.

Harper Marion Jr. , “Business Needs an Intelligence Director,” Management and Business Automation, March, 1961, p. 20; see also, Wallace , Management Influence.

“Effects of Business Automation in the Sixties,” Round Table, Part 2, Management and Business Automation, February, 1961, p. 28.

Blank , “Management Concept,” p. 66.