Problem Defining and the Consulting/Intervention Process

Argyris C. , Intervention Theory and Method (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1970).

Blake R. R. Mouton J. S. , Consultation (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1976).

Bennis W. G. , Changing Organizations (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1966).

Bennis W. G. Benne K. D. Chin R. (eds.). The Planning of Change, 2nd ed. (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1969).

Huse E. F. , Organizational Development and Change (St. Paul, MN: West, 1975).

Schein E. H. Bennis W. G. Beckhard R. , Organization Development Series (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1969).

Kilmann R. H. , Social Systems Design: Normative Theory and the MAPS Design Technology (New York: Elsevier North-Holland, 1977).h 1977).

Type I and Type II errors refer to the traditional statistical errors of accepting the alternative hypothesis when the null hypothesis is true and accepting the null hypothesis when the alternative hypotesis is true, respectively. The Type III error questions whether these are in fact the right hypotheses (problems) which should be tested in the first place. Mitroff I. I. Featheringham T. R. , “On Systematic Problem Solving and the Error of the Third Kind,” Behavioral Science (1974), pp. 383–393.

Newell A. Simon H. A. Shaw J. C. , “Elements of a Theory of Human Problem Solving,” Psychological Review (1958), pp. 151–166.

Pounds W. F. , “The Process of Problem Finding,” Industrial Mamgement Review, (1969), pp. 1–19; Leavitt H. J. , “Beyond the Analytic Manager,” California Management Review (Spring and Summer 1975).

Lippit R. Watson J. Westley B. , The Dynamics of Planned Change (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1958).

Kilmann , op. cit.

Evans M. G. , “Failure in OD Programs—What Went Wrong?” Business Horizons (1974), pp. 18–22.

This anecdote is modified from Ackoff R. L. , “Systems, Organizations, and Interdisciplinary Research,” General Systems Yearbook (1960), pp. 1–8.

Churchman C. W. , The Design of Inquiring Systems (New York: Basic Books, 1971).

Leavitt H. J. , “Applied Organizational Change in Industry: Structural, Technological and Humanistic Approaches,” in March J. G. (ed.), Handbook of Organizations (Chicago: Rand McNally, 1965), 1144–1170.

Argyris , op. cit.

Mitroff I. I. Barabba V. P. Kilmann R. H. , “The Application of Behavioral and Philosophical Technologies to Strategic Planning: A Case Study of a Large Federal Agency,” Management Science (1977), pp. 44–58.

Huse , op. cit.

Blake R. R. Mouton J. S. , Group Dynamics—Key to Decision Making (Houston: Gulf, 1961).

Seiler J. A. , “Diagnosing Interdepartmental Conflict,” Harvard Business Review (1963), pp. 121–132.

Kilmann R.H. Mitroff I. I. , “The Management of Real World Problems: A Social Science Approach,” unpublished manuscript, 1977.

Toffler A. , Future Shock (New York: Bantam, 1970).