Hybrid Organizational Arrangements: New Form or Transitional Development?

Granovetter Mark , “Economic Action and Social Structure: A Theory of Embeddedness,” American Journal of Sociology, 91/3 (November 1985); Stinchcombe Arthur , “Contracts as Hierarchical Documents,” in Stinchcombe A. Heimer C. , Organization Theory and Project Management (Oslo: Norwegian University Press, 1985), pp. 121–171.

Eccles Robert , The Transfer Pricing Problem: A Theory for Practice (Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1985).

For an elaboration of this point, see Richardson G.B. , “The Organization of Industry,” Economic Journal, 82 (1972):883–896.

For a thoughful discussion of these developments, see Weitzman Martin , The Share Economy (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1984); Walton Richard , “From Control to Commitment in the Workplace,” Harvard Business Review, 85/2 (1985):76–84.

Perlmutter Howard Heenan David , “Cooperate to Compete Globally,” Harvard Business Review (April/May 1986), p.136.

Perrow Charles , “A Framework for the Comparative Analysis of Organizations,” American Sociological Review, 32 (1967): 194–208.

Eccles Robert , “The Quasifirm in the Construction Industry,” Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 2 (December 1981):335–357.

Coser Lewis Kadushin Charles Powell Walter W. , Books: The Culture and Commerce of Publishing (New York, NY: Basic Books, 1982), p. 53.

For a discussion of the friendly competition and collaboration that typify scholarly publishing, see Powell Walter W. , Getting Into Print: The Decision Making Process in Scholarly Publishing (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1985).

Ibid., pp. 144–157.

Sabel Charles Herrigel Gary Kazis Richard Deeg Richard , “How to Keep Mature Industries Innovative,” Technology Review, 90/3 (1987):26–35.

Von Hippel Eric , “Cooperation Between Competing Firms: Informal Know-How Trading,” Working Paper #1759–86, Sloan School of Management, M.I.T., 1986.

The commercial aircraft industry is unusual because of the very active role played by governments in insuring that their countries have a major presence in the industry (for a more detailed discussion of the political aspects of international coalitions, see Porter Michael , Competition in Global Industries [Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press, 1987]). In this case, coalitions and joint ventures are driven more by political factors and pressures for economic nationalism than by organizational reasons.

For empirical evidence, see Friar John Horwitch Mel , “The Emergence of Technology Strategy: A New Dimension of Strategic Management,” Technology in Society, 7/2–3 (1985): 143–178; Teece David , “Profiting form Technological Innovation: Implications for Integration, Collaboration, Licensing and Public Policy,” Research Policy, 15/6 (1986):285–305; Zagnoli Patrizia , “Interfirm Agreements as Bilateral Transactions?” paper presented at conference on New Technology and New Intermediaries, Center for European Studies, Stanford, 1987.

Mariti P. Smiley R.H. , “Co-operative Agreements and the Organization of Industry,” Journal of Industrial Economics, 31/4 (1983):437–451; Zagnoli , op. cit.

Friar Horwitch , op. cit.

Graham Margaret , “Corporate Research and Development: The Latest Transformation,” Technology in Society, 7/2–3 (1985): 179–196.

Hamilton William F. , “Corporate Strategies for Managing Emerging Technologies,” Technology in Society, 7/2–3 (1985): 197–212; Teece David Pisano Gary , “Collaborative Arrangements and Technology Strategy,” paper presented at conference on New Technology and New Intermediaries, Center for European Studies, Stanford, 1987.

Dibner Mark D. , “Biotechnology in Europe,” Science, 232 (June 13, 1986): 1367–1372.

Porter Michael Fuller M.B. , “Coalitions and Global Strategy,” in Porter M. , ed., Competition in Global Industries (Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press, 1987), pp. 315–344.

Pfeffer Jeffrey Baron James , “Taking the Workers Back Out: Recent Trends in the Structuring of Employment,” in Staw B. Cummings L. , eds. Research in Organizational Behavior, Vol. 10 (Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, forthcoming); Abraham Katherine G. , “The Role of Flexible Staffing Arrangements in Short-Term Workforce Adjustment Strategies,” in Hart R.A. , ed., Employment, Unemployment, and Hours of Work (London: Allen and Unwin, forthcoming); Abraham Katherine G. , “Restructuring the Employment Relationship: The Growth of Market-Mediated Work Arrangements,” paper presented at conference on New Developments in Labor Markets and Human Resource Policies, Sloan School of Management, M.I.T., 1987; Mangum Garth Mayall Donald Nelson Kristin , “The Temporary Help Industry,” Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 38 (1985):599–611; Carey Max Hazelbacker Kim , “Employment Growth in the Temporary Help Industry,” Monthly Labor Review (April 1986), pp. 37–44.

Macneil Ian , “Contracts: Adjustment of Long-term Economic Relations Under Classical, Neoclassical, and Relational Contract Law,” Northwestern University Law Review, 72/6 (1978):854–905.

Abernathy William , The Productivity Dilemma (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978).

Porter Michael , Cases in Competitive Strategy (New York, NY: Free Press, 1983).

Stinchcombe , op. cit.

Porter , op. cit. (1983), p. 278.

Abernathy , op. cit.

Helper Susan , “Vertical Relations in the U.S. Auto Industry,” unpublished manuscript, Department of Economics, Harvard University, 1984.

Ibid.

Mariotti Sergio Cainarca Gian Carlo , “The Evolution of Transaction Governance in the Textile-Clothing Industry,” Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 7 (1986):351–374.

Wilkinson Frank , “Productive Systems,” Cambridge Journal of Economics, 7 (1983):413–429.

Dore Ronald , “Goodwill and the Spirit of Market Capitalism,” British Journal of Sociology, 34/4 (December 1983):459–482.

Gerlach Michael , “Business Alliances and the Strategy of the Japanese Firm,” California Management Review, 30/1 (Fall 1987).

Richardson , op. cit.; Dore , op. cit.

Sabel , op. cit.

On this point, see Loveman Gary Piore Michael Sengenberger Werner , “The Evolving Role of Small Business in Industrial Economies,” paper presented at conference on New Developments in Labor Market and Human Resource Policies, Sloan School of Management, M.I.T., 1987.

Piore Michael J. Sabel Charles F. , The Second Industrial Divide (New York, NY: Basic Books, 1984).

Ouchi William , “Markets, Bureaucracies, and Clans,” Administrative Science Quarterly, 25 (March 1980): 129–141.

Hannan Michael Freeman John H. , “Structural Inertia and Organizational Change,” American Sociological Review, 49/2 (April 1984): 149–164.

Nelson Richard Winter Sidney , An Evolutionary Theory of Economic Change (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1982).

Hannan Freeman , op. cit.

Blau Peter M. , On the Nature of Organizations (New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, 1974).

Child John , “Organizational Structure and Strategies of Control: A Replication of the Aston Study,” Administrative Science Quarterly, 17 (June 1972): 163–177.

Alchian Armen Demsetz Harold , “Production, Information Costs, and Economic Organization,” American Economic Review, 62/5 (1972):777–795.

Williamson Oliver E. , Markets and Hierarchies: Analysis and Antitrust Implications (New York, NY: Free Press, 1975).

Porter Lyman Lawler Edward , “Properties of Organization Structure in Relation to Job Attitudes and Job Behavior,” Psychological Bulletin, 64/1 (1965):23–51; Berger Chris Cummings L.L. , “Organizational Structure, Attitudes, and Behavior,” in Staw Barry Cummings L.L. , eds., Research in Organizational Behavior, Vol. 1, (Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, 1979).

Hackman Richard Oldham Greg , Work Redesign (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1980).

Hannan Freeman , op. cit.

Teece Pisano , op. cit.

Porter Fuller , op. cit.

Polanyi Karl , The Great Transformation (Boston, MA: Beacon, 1957).

Ouchi , op. cit.

Kaneko Ikuyo Imai Ken-Ichi , “A Network View of the Firm,” paper presented at 1st Hitotsubashi-Stanford conference, 1987.

Granovetter , op. cit.

Borys Bryan Jemison David B. , “Hybrid Organizations as Strategic Alliances: Theoretical and Practical Issues in Organizational Combinations,” unpublished paper, Graduate School of Business, Stanford, 1987.

Teece , op. cit.