Stratocracy in High-Technology Firms

For an economic perspective on the importance of organization, see Cole A.H. , “The Entrepreneur: Introductory Remarks,” American Economic Review, 58 (May 1968):61–62; and Arrow K.J. , Essays in the Theory of Risk Planning (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1971), p. 224. For a comprehensive account of the ecological perspective, see Hannan M. Freeman J. , “The Population Ecology of Organizations,” American Journal of Sociology, 82/5 (1977):929–964. On the historical evolution of the business enterprise, see Chandler A.D. Daems H. , eds., Managerial Hierarchies: Comparative Perspectives on the Rise of the Modern Industrial Enterprise (Boston, MA: Harvard University Press, 1980).

Chandler A.D. , Strategy and Structure: Chapters in the History of the American Industrial Enterprise (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1962).

Burgelman R. A. , “Applying the Methodology of Grounded Theorizing in Strategic Management: A Summary of Recent Findings and Their Implications,” in Lamb R. Shrivastava P. , Advances in Strategic Management, Vol. 3 (Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, 1985), pp. 83–99.

Mintzberg H. , “An Emerging Strategy of Direct Research,” Administrative Science Quarterly, 24 (December 1979):582–589.

See Heidegger M. , The Question Concerning Technology, translated by Lovitt William (New York, NY: Harper and Row, 1977); and Sherman P.M. , Strategic Planning for Technology Industries (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1981).

See Kotkin J. Grabowicz P. , California, Inc. (New York, NY: Rawson Wade Publishers, 1982).

These are consistent with the findings of other studies. See Maidique M.A. Hayes R.H. , “The Art of High Technology Management,” Sloan Management Review (Winter 1984), pp. 17–29.

Mintzberg H. , Structure in Fives: Designing Effective Organizations (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1983), pp. 137–138.

Burgelman R.A. Sayles L.R. , Inside Corporate Innovation (New York, NY: The Free Press, 1986).

On structural inertia, see Hannan M. Freeman J. , “Structural Inertia and Organizational Change,” American Sociological Review, 49 (1984): 149–164.

For an assessment of the impact of new technologies on organizational structures, see Child J. , “New Technology and Developments in Management Organization,” Omega, 12/3 (1984):211–223.

These terms are derived from Mintzberg's categorization scheme. See Mintzberg , op. cit., (1983).

For different forms of hybrid structure, see Hax A.C. Majluf N.S. , “Organizational Design: A Survey and an Approach,” Operations Research, 29/3 (May/June 1981):417–447.

See Ouchi W.G. , “Markets, Bureaucracies and Clans,” Administrative Science Quarterly, 25/1 (March 1980): 129–141; and Burns T. Stalker G.M. , The Management of Innovation (London: Tavistock Publication, 1961).

Kreps D.M. , “Corporate Culture and Economic Theory,” unpublished manuscript, Graduate School of Business, Stanford University, 1984.

These terms are derived from Leavitt's 3-part model of the managing process. See Leavitt H.J. , Corporate Pathfinders (Homewood, IL: Dow Jones-Irwin, 1986).

Burns Stalker , op. cit.; Mintzberg , op. cit., (1983).

Burns Stalker , op. cit., pp. vii, 119.

Mintzberg H. McHugh A. , “Strategy Formation in an Adhocracy,” Administrative Science Quarterly, 30/2 (June 1985): 191.