Organizations: New Concepts for New Forms

Hannan Michael T. Freeman John H. , “The Population Ecology of Organizations,” American Journal of Sociology, vol. 82 (March 1977): 929–964; and Aldrich Howard E. , Organizations and Environments (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1979).

Porter Michael E. , Competitive Strategy (New York, NY: Free Press, 1980).

Miles Raymond E. Snow Charles C. , Organizational Strategy, Structure, and Process (New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 1978).

Chandler Alfred D. Jr. , Strategy and Structure (New York, NY: Doubleday, 1962).

Davis Stanley M. Lawrence Paul R. , Matrix (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1977).

Miles Raymond E. Snow Charles C. , “Fit, Failure, and the Hall of Fame,” California Management Review, Vol. XXVI (Spring 1984): 10–28.

Ibid.

Economists do not agree on a single definition of industry health. Classical equilibrium theory states that firms in a competitive industry should not make profits in excess of the normal bank rate of return. Another economic theory, however, says that excess profits are required for industry innovation. Yet another theory maintains that excess profits may be rightfully earned by firms that minimize buyers' search and information-processing costs (by consistently offering high-quality products;, etc.). Our criteria of long-run industry health are taken from Paul R. Lawrence and Davis Dyer, Renewing American Industry (New York, NY: Free Press, 1983).

Miles Snow , Organizational Strategy, Structure, and Process, op. cit., Chapter 10.

Goldhar Joel D. Jelinek Mariann , “Plan for Economies of Scope,” Harvard Business Review, Vol. 61 (November/December 1983): 141–148.

See Galbraith Jay R. , “Designing the Innovating Organization,” Organizational Dynamics (Winter 1982), pp. 5–25; and Pinchot Gifford III , Intrapreneuring (New York, NY: Harper and Row, 1985).