PerrowCharles, Organizational Analysis: A Sociological View (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 1970), pp. 3–5.
2.
See, for example, SalancikGerald R.PfefferJeffrey, “An Examination of Need-Satisfaction Models of Job Attitudes,”Administrative Science Quarterly, 22 (September, 1977): 427–456 for a review of much of this literature.
GastwirthJoseph L., “The Estimation of the Lorenz curve and the Gini Index,”Review of Economics and Statistics, 54 (1972): 306–316.
5.
TheilHenry, Economics and Information Theory (Chicago, IL: Rand McNally, 1967).
6.
BlauPeter M., Inequality and Heterogeneity (New York, NY: Free Press, 1977).
7.
AllisonPaul D., “Measures of Inequality,”American Sociological Review, 43 (December 1978): 865–880.
8.
GuttentagMarciaSecordPaul F., Too Many Women? The Sex Ratio Question (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications, 1983).
9.
KanterRosabeth Moss, Men and Women of the Corporation (New York, NY: Basic Books, 1977), Ch. 8.
10.
SpanglerEvaGordonMarsha A.PipkinRonald M., “Token Women: An Empirical Test of Kanter's Hypothesis,”American Journal of Sociology, 85 (1978): 160–170.
11.
SouthScott J.BonjeanCharles M.MarkhamWilliam T.CorderJudy, “Social Structure and Intergroup Interaction: Men and Women of the Federal Bureaucracy,”American Sociological Review, 47 (October 1982): 587–599.
12.
EasterlinRichard A., Birth and Fortune: The Impact of Numbers on Personal Welfare (New York, NY: Basic Books, 1980).
13.
MaximPaul S., “Cohort Size and Juvenile Delinquency: A Test of the Easterlin Hypothesis,”Social Forces, 63 (March 1985): 661–681.
14.
StewmanShelbyKondaSuresh L., “Careers and Organizational Labor Markets: Demographic Models of Organizational Behavior,”American Journal of Sociology, 88 (January 1983): 637–685.
15.
McCainBruceO'ReillyCharles A.PfefferJeffrey, “The Effects of Departmental Demography on Turnover: The Case of a University,”Academy of Management Journal, 26 (1983): 626–641.
16.
WagnerW. GaryPfefferJeffreyO'ReillyCharles A., “Organizational Demography and Turnover in Top-Management Groups,”Administrative Science Quarterly, 29 (March 1984): 74–92.
17.
PfefferJeffreyO'ReillyCharles, “Hospital Demography and Turnover Among Nurses,” unpublished ms., Palo Alto, CA: Graduate School of Business, Stanford University.
18.
StawBarry M., “The Consequences of Turnover,”Journal of Occupational Behavior, 1 (1980): 253–273.
19.
KatzRalph, “Project Communication and Performance: An Investigation Into the Effects of Group Longevity,”Administrative Science Quarterly, 27 (1982): 81–104.
20.
KotterJohn P., The General Managers (New York, NY: Free Press, 1982).
21.
This is illustrated in Lee Iacocca's description of what he did when he took over the Chrysler corporation, in IacoccaLee, Iacocca: An Autobiography (New York, NY: Bantam Books, 1984).
22.
KatzRalph, op. cit.
23.
ReedTheodore L., “Organizational Change in the American Foreign Service, 1925–1965: The Utility of Cohort Analysis,”American Sociological Review, 43 (1978): 404–421.
24.
RyderNorman B., “The Cohort as a Concept in the Study of Social Change,”American Sociological Review, 30 (1966): 843–861.
25.
GusfieldJoseph R., “The Problem of Generations in an Organizational Structure,”Social Forces, 35 (1957): 322–330.
26.
SzilagyiAndrew D.Jr.SchweigerDavid M., “Matching Managers to Strategies: A Review and Suggested Framework,”Academy of Management Review, 9 (1984): 626–637.
27.
LeavittHarold J., “Suppose We Took Groups Seriously …,” in CassEuguene L.ZimmerFrederick G., eds., Man and Work in Society (New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, 1975).
