The Ecological Analysis of Business Strategy

Chandler Alfred , The Visible Hand: The Managerial Revolution in American Business (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1977).

Hambrick Donald , “Some Tests of the Effectiveness and Functional Attributes of Miles and Snow's Strategic Types,” Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 26, no. 1 (March 1983).

See, for example, Andrews Kenneth , Business Policy: Text and Cases (Homewood, IL: Richard D. Irwin, 1965); Ansoff Igor , Corporate Strategy (New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 1965).

See Chandler Alfred , Strategy and Structure: Chapters in the History of the American Industrial Enterprise (Cambridge, MA: M.I.T. Press, 1962); Allison Graham , Essence of Decision: Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis (Boston, MA: Little, Brown, 1971).

Chandler , 1962, p. 19, op. cit.

For an example, see the article in this issue by Robert Burgelman.

Vancil Richard Lorange Peter , “Strategic Planning in Diversified Companies,” Harvard Business Review, Vol. 53, no. 1 (1975).

Bourgeois L. J. , “Strategy and Environment: A Conceptual Integration,” Academy of Management Review, Vol. 5, no. 1 (January, 1980).

Mintzberg Henry , “Patterns in Strategy Formation,” Management Science, Vol. 24 (1978).

Miles Raymond Snow Charles , Organizational Strategy, Structure' and Process (New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 1978).

Chandler , 1962, op. cit.

See the article in this issue by Glenn Carroll for further development of this argument.

Peters Thomas Waterman Robert , In Search of Excellence (New York, NY: Harper and Row, 1982).

Aldrich Howard , Environment and Organization (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1979).

Hannan Michael T. Freeman John , “Structural Inertia and Organizational Change,” American Sociological Review (April 1984).

Rumelt Richard , Strategy, Structure and Economic Performance (Boston, MA: Graduate School of Business Administration, Harvard University, 1974).

Downs Anthony , Inside Bureaucracy (Boston, MA: Little, Brown, 1967).

Nelson Richard Winter Sidney , An Evolutionary Theory of Economic Change (Cambridge, MA: Harvard, 1982).

Freeman John Hannan Michael T. , “Niche Width and the Dynamics of Organizational Populations,” American Journal of Sociology (August 1983).

Williamson Oliver , Markets and Hierarchies: Analysis and Antitrust Implications (New York, NY: Free Press, 1975).

Maidique Modesto A. Patch Peter , “Corporate Strategy and Technological Policy,” in Tushman Michael Moore William , eds., Readings in the Management of Innovation (Marshfield, MA: Pitman, 1982).

Stinchcombe Arthur , “Social Structure and Organizations,” in March James G. , ed., Handbook of Organizations (Chicago, IL: Rand McNally, 1965); Freeman John Carroll Glenn R. Hannan Michael T. , “Age Dependence in Organizational Death Rates,” American Sociological Review, Vol. 48, no. 5 (October 1983).

Freeman Hannan , 1984, op. cit.

“The Revolution in Financial Services,” Business Week, November 28, 1983, pp. 88–89.

Porter Michael , Competitive Strategy (New York, NY: Free Press, 1980).

“Personal Computers: And the winner is … IBM,” Business Week, October 3, 1983, pp. 76–95.

Ibid.

Freeman Carroll Hannan , op. cit.

Freeman John , “Patterns of Innovation and Organization in the U.S. Semiconductor Industry,” paper presented at the Workshop on Innovation Management, International Institute of Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria, 1981.

Freeman Sullivan , “Competition Dynamics in the U.S. Automobile Industry,” Unpublished paper, Institute of Industrial Relations, University of California, Berkeley.