The five suggested styles are, to a large extent, based on an empirical study by ReichardSuzanneLivsonFlorinePetersonP. G., Aging and Personality: A Study of Eighty-Seven Older Men (New York: John Wiley, 1962). The study by NeugartenBernice L.CrottyWilliam J.TobinSheldon S., “Personality Types in an Aged Population,” in NeugartenBernice L. (ed.), Personality in Middle and Late Life (New York: Atherton Press, 1964) was also of some influence. Their conclusions are very much in line with my personal findings from studying retiring or retired managers.
