Management Training and Post-Industrial Apologetics

Bell Daniel , The Coming of Post-Industrial Society: A Venture in Social Forecasting (New York: Basic Books, 1973), Introduction, Chaps. 2, 3.

Berg Ivar , Education and Jobs: The Great Training Robbery (New York: Praeger, 1970); Jencks Christopher Inequality: A Reassessment of the Effect of Family and Schooling in America (New York: Basic Books, 1972); Bowles Samuel Gintis Herbert Schooling in Capitalist America: Educational Reform and the Contradictions of Economic Life (New York: Basic Books, 1976).

Kearney William J. , “Management Development Programs Can Pay Off,” Business Horizons (April 1975), pp. 81–88.

“The Royal Road: Higher Education,” in Warner W Lloyd Abegglen James C. , Big Business Leaders in America (New York: Harper & Row, 1955); Training Can Make a Difference, U.S. Civil Service Commission, Bureau of Intergovernmental Personnel Programs (November 1973), p. i.

“Personnel Training and Development,” in Mussen Paul H. Rosenzweig Mark R. (eds.), Annual Review of Psychology, Vol. 22 (1971), pp. 580–82; Dubin S. S. Mezack M. Neidig R. , “Improving the Evaluation of Management Development Programs,” Training and Development Journal (June 1974), pp. 42–46.

Kepner Charles H. Tregoe Benjamin B. , The Rational Manager: A Systematic Approach to Problem Solving and Decision Making (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1965); Argyris Chris Simon H. A. , “Some Limits of Rational Man Organization Theory,” and “Organization Man: Rational or Self-Actualizing?” Public Administration Review, (May-June and July-August, 1973), pp. 253–267, 346–357.

Kepner Charles H. Tregoe Benjamin B. , “Developing Decision Makers,” Harvard Business Review (September-October 1960), pp. 115–124.

These studies are, respectively: Goldstein Stanley Gorman James Smith Blanchard B. , “A Partnership in Evaluation,” Training and Development Journal (April 1973), pp. 10–14; White S. Tod Dr. , “Assessment of Selected USDA Management Development Programs,” Office of Personnel, U.S. Department of Agriculture (September 1973); Manyak Terrell G. , “A Comparative Evaluation of Kepner-Tregoe and Managerial Grid Training,” Personnel Research Unit, The Port of New York Authority (23 July 1973); and “The Evaluation of ATS at Woodhaven: A Preliminary Report—28 July, 1967,” Kepner Tregoe, Inc.

The handbook is Blake Robert R. Mouton Jane Srygley , The Managerial Grid: Key Orientations For Achieving Production Through People (Gulf Publishing Company, 1964). “Sigma” is reported in Blake and Mouton, op. cit., Barnes Louis B. Greiner Larry E. , “Breakthrough in Organization Development,” Harvard Business Review (November-December 1964) pp. 133–155; and Greiner Larry E. , “Antecedents of Planned Organization Change,” The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science (1967), pp. 51–84. The other reports are: Smith Peter B. Honour Trudie F. , “The Impact of Phase I Managerial Grid Training,” Journal of Management Studies (1969), pp. 318–330; Williams A.P.O. , “The Managerial Grid: Phase 2,” Occupational Psychology (1971), pp. 253–272; Hart Howard A. , “The Grid Appraised—Phases 1 and 2,” Personnel (September-October 1974), pp. 45–59; and Manyak , op. cit.

Kirkpatrick Donald L. , “Evaluation of Training,” Chapter 5 in the American Society for Training and Development, Training and Development Handbook (New York: McGraw Hill, 1967), p. 88.

Belasco James A. Trice Harrison M. , The Assessment of Change in Training and Therapy (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1969), especially pp. 24–27 and passim; and Argyris Chris , “Some Unintended Consequences of Rigorous Research,” Psychological Bulletin (1968), pp. 185–197.

See particularly Campbell Donald T. , “Administrative Experimentation, Institutional Records, and Nonreactive Measures,” reprinted in Evan William M. (ed.), Organizational Experiments: Laboratory and Field Research (New York: Harper & Row, 1971) and more generally Webb Eugene J. , Unobtrusive Measures: Nonreactive Research in the Social Sciences (Chicago: Rand McNally, 1966).

Blake , op. cit., p. 145.

Ibid., pp. 146, 142.

Blake Mouton , op. cit., pp. 210–246.

Stinchcombe A. L. , “The Bureaucratic Model and Career Organization,” in his Creating Efficient Industrial Administrations (New York: Academic Press, 1974), chap. 5.

The classic statement has long been Campbell John P. Dunnette M. D. Lawler E. E. Weick K. E. , Managerial Behavior, Performance and Effectiveness, (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1970); see also, Kallman Ernest A. Reinharth Leon Wahba Mahmoud A. , “Organizational Effectiveness: A Review of Theory and Research,” Baruch School of Business and Public Administration, 1977; Phillips R. Garland Jr. Heisler William J. Singer Neal M. , A Methodology for Determining the Value of Managerial Training, an unpublished document of the Bureau of Training, U.S. Civil Service Commission.

Campbell , op. cit., p. 283 ff.; Weiss Carol H. , Evaluation Research: Methods of Assessing Program Effectiveness (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1972), pp. 84–88.

Goldstein Gorman Smith , op. cit., p. 12.

Blake , op. cit., pp. 142–145.

Greiner Larry E. , “Antecedents of Planned Organization Change,” The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science (1967), pp. 58–85.

Morse Nancy C. Reimer Everett , “The Experimental Change of a Major Organizational Variable,” Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology (1956), pp. 120–129.

Campbell Donald T. Stanley Julian C. , Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs for Research (Chicago: Rand McNally, 1963). See especially the risks of ex post facto analyses, pp. 70–71.

Campbell , op. cit., pp. 278–280.

Hart , op. cit., pp. 49, 51.

Although the study reports performance only for the month before and the month after the training month, informal reports indicate that the “before” differences had existed for several months before, and “after” differences persisted for several months after. Personal communication from White Stoller Tod Dr. (March 1977).

See Weiss Carol H. , op. cit., especially chap. 6, “Utilization of Evaluation Results”; and Campbell Donald. T. Erlebacher Albert , “How Regression Artifacts in Quasi-Experimental Evaluations Can Mistakenly Make Compensatory Education Look Harmful,” in Struening Elmer L. Guttentag Marcia , Handbook of Evaluation Research, Vol. 1, pp. 597–617.