Career Planning for Employee Development

See Super D. , The Psychology of Careers (New York: Harper & Row, 1957) and Sarason S. B. Sarason E. K. Cowden P. , “Aging and the Nature of Work,” American Psychologist (Vol. 30, No. 5, 1975).

See Schein E. H. , “How Graduates Scare Bosses,” Careers Today (Vol. 1, No. 1, 1968) and Livingston J. S. , “The Troubled Transition: Why College and University Graduates Have Difficulty Developing Careers in Business,” Journal of College Placement (April-May 1970).

See Jennings E. E. , The Executive in Crisis (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1965); Henry W. E. , “Psychodynamics of the Executive Role,” American Journal of Sociology (Vol. 54, No. 4, 1969); Cummin P. C. , “TAT Correlates of Executive Performance,” Journal of Applied Psychology (Vol. 51, No. 1, 1967); and Campbell J. P. Dunnette M. D. Lawler E. E. Weick K. E. , Managerial Behavior, Performance and Effectiveness (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1970).

See L.I.A.M.A. Recruitment, Selection, Training, and Supervision in Life Insurance (Hartford: Life Insurance Agency Management Association, 1966) and Wanous J. P. , “Effects of Realistic Job Preview on Job Acceptance, Job Attitudes, and Job Survival,” Journal of Applied Psychology (Vol. 58, No. 3, 1973).

See Berlew D. E. Hall D. T. , “The Socialization of Managers: Effects of Expectations on Performance,” Administrative Science Quarterly (Vol. 11, No. 3. 1966) and Hall D. T. Lawler E. E. , “Unused Potential in Research and Development Organizations,” Research Management (Vol. 12, No. 5, 1969).

See Hall Lawler , op. cit., and Campbell , op. cit.

“Career Management Programs,” Personnel Journal (Vol. 53, No. 3, 1974).

Erikson Erik , Identity: Youth and Crisis (New York: W. W. Norton, 1968), pp. 87; 132.

The term subidentity was introduced by Miller Daniel in “The Study of Social Relationships: Situation, Identity, and Social Interaction,” in Koch S. (ed.), Psychology: A Study of a Science (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1973). For applications of the concept to the study of careers, see Hall D. T. , “A Model of Coping with Role Conflict: The Role Behavior of College Educated Women,” Administrative Science Quarterly (Vol. 17, No. 4, 1972).

See Lewin K. Dembo T. Festinger L. Sears P. , “Levels of Aspiration” in Hunt J. McV. (ed.), Personality and the Behavior Disorders (New York: Ronald Press, 1944) and Argyris C. , Integrating the Individual and the Organization (New York: Wiley, 1964).

For further discussion of the development of the model, see Hall D. T. , “Potential for Career Growth,” Personnel Journal (Vol. 34, No. 3, 1971) and Hall D. T. Hall F. S. , “The Relationship Between Goals, Success, Self-Image and Involvement Under Different Organization Climates,” Journal of Vocational Behavior (1977, in press).

Bolles C. , What Color is Your Parachute? (Berkeley, Calif.: Ten Speed Press, 1972).

See Glueck W. F. , Personnel: A Diagnostic Approach (Dallas: Business Publications, 1974).

See Golembiewski R. T. , Renewing Organizations: The Laboratory Approach to Planned Change (Itasca, Ill.: Peacock, 1972).

See Siegel J. P. , “The Subject Evaluates the Test: Knowledge of Results and the Self-Concept,” Proceedings, 77th Annual Convention. American Psychological Association, 1969.

See McGregor D. , “An Uneasy Look at Performance Appraisal,” Harvard Business Review (Vol. 35, No. 3, 1957) and Meyer H. H. Kay E. French J. R. P. Jr. , “Split Roles in Performance Appraisal,” Harvard Business Review (Vol. 43, No. 1, 1965).

See Tosi H. L. Rizzo J. R. Carroll S. J. , “Setting Goals in Management by Objectives,” California Management Review (Summer 1970) and Levinson H. , “Management by Whose Objectives?” Harvard Business Review (Vol. 48, No. 4, 1970).

The A. T. & T. program is described in Bray D. W. Campbell R. J. Grant D. L. , Formative Years in Business: A Long-term AT&T Study of Management Lives (New York: Wiley, 1974). The popularity of the assessment center is documented by Campbell , op. cit., and Glueck , op. cit. The provisions for feedback are described in Byham W. C. , “The Assessment Center as an Aid in Management Development,” Training and Development Journal (December 1971), and research on the effectiveness of assessment centers is summarized in Howard A. , “An Assessment of Assessment Centers,” Academy of Management Journal (Vol. 17, No. 1, 1974).

See Byham , op. cit., and Howard , op. cit.

See Byham , op. cit.

See Lewin K. , “Group Decision and Social Change,” in Swanson G. E. Newcomb T. M. Hartley F. L. (eds.), Readings in Social Psychology, rev. ed. (New York: Holt, 1952).

For descriptions of applications, see Golembiewski , op. cit., and Lehner G. F. J. , “From Job Loss to Career Innovation,” in Burke W. W. (ed.), Contemporary Organization Development: Conceptual Orientations and Interventions (Washington, D.C.: National Institute for Applied Behavioral Science, 1972).

See Huse E. F. , Organization Development and Change (St. Paul: West Publishing, 1975).

See Fordyce J. K. Weil R. , Managing with People (Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1971).