Managerial Behavior in Upwardly Oriented Organizations

See Fiedler Fred E. , A Contingency Model for the Prediction of Leadership Effectiveness, Group Effectiveness Research Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Illinois, 1963.

Also, Strauss George Sayles Leonard , Human Behavior in Organizations (New York: Prentice-Hall), pp. 175ff and 226ff.

Also, Morse John J. Lorsch Jay W. , “Beyond Theory Y,” Harvard Business Review (May-June, 1970).

Also, Albrook Robert C. , “Participative Management: Time for a Second Look,” Fortune (May, 1967).

“Sales” is measured by annual store volume; “productivity” is measured by sales per dollar of wages; “profitability” is measured as store operating gain as % of sales.

For a more detailed description of research methodology see Determinants of Differential Performance: A Study of the Impact of the Local Manager in a Large Supermarket Chain, unpublished doctoral dissertation, Columbia University, 1968.

Carp Francis M. Vitola Bart M. McLananathan Frank L. , “Human Relations Knowledge and Social Distance Set in Supervisors” Journal of Applied Psychology (XLVII, 1963), p. 80.

See Argyris Chris , Personality and Organization (New York: Harper Bros., 1957).

See Vroom Victor H. , Some Personality Determinants of the Effect of Participation (Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1960).

See Leavitt Whistler , “Management in the 1980's,” Harvard Business Review (Nov.-Dec., 1958).

Zaleznik Abraham , “The Dynamics of Subordinacy,” Harvard Business Review (May-June, 1965).