This paper summarizes a talk delivered to the 19th Annual Training Institute on June 4, 1969 at the New York State School of Industrial and Labor Relations, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York. The author would like to acknowledge the helpful aid and assistance of George Strauss, Professor of Business Administration and Associate Director of the Institute of Industrial Relations at the University of California, Berkeley, and Thomas Pettigrew, Professor, Department of Social Relations, Harvard University, in the development of some of the basic issues dealt with in this article.
2.
WhiteS. T., “Evaluation of an Analytic Trouble Shooter Program: A Probing Report,”Research Memorandum (July 28, 1967), Kepner Tragoe and Associates, Inc. p. 14.
3.
MinerJ. B., Studies in Management Education (New York: Springer, 1965), p. 109.
4.
HarrellT. W., Manager's Performance and Personality (Cincinnati, Ohio: Southwestern, 1961), p. 7.
OdiorneGeorge S., “The Trouble With Sensitivity Training,”Training Directors Journal (October 1963), 9–21. The negative portion of the debate on sensitivity training.
7.
ArgyrisChris, “A Brief Description of Laboratory Education,” “In Defense of Laboratory Education,” and “A Comment on George Odiorne's Paper,”Training Directors Journal (October 1963). These items report the positive portion of the debate on sensitivity training.
8.
DunnetteMarvin D.CampbellJohn P., “Laboratory Education: Impact on People and Organizations,”Industrial Relations (October 1968), 1–45.
9.
ChappieEliottSaylesLeonard, The Measure of Management (New York: Macmillan, 1961) pp. 201–202.
InskoChester A., Theories of Attitude Change (New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1967), pp. 345–348.
12.
EysenckH. J., “The Effects of Psychotherapy,”International Journal of Psychiatry, Vol. 1 (January 1965). See also GoldsteinA. P.DeanS. J., Investigation of Psychotherapy (New York: Wiley1967).
13.
This type of sequence is discussed in ColombotosJohn, “Physicians and Medicare: A Before-After Study of the Effects of Legislation on Attitudes,”American Sociological Review, Vol. 34, No. 3 (June 1969).
14.
TannenbaumRobertDavisSheldon, “Values, Man and Organization,” paper presented at the McGregor Conference on Organizational Development, 1967.
15.
FordRobert N., Motivation Through the Work Itself (New York: American Management Association, 1969), pp. 21–44.
16.
Eric Trist and others, Organizational Choice (London: Tavistock Institute, 1962).
17.
BlauPeterScottW., Formal Organizations (San Francisco: Chandler, 1962), p. 235.
18.
HardingJ.HogrefeR., “Attitudes of White Departmental Store Employees Toward Negro Coworkers,”Journal of Social Issues, Vol. 8, No. 1 (1952), 18–28.
19.
ChappieSayles, pp. 201–202.
20.
WarnerLloydLowJ. O., The Social System of the Modern Factory, Yankee City Series, Vol. IV (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1947).
21.
BlaunerRobert, Alienation and Freedom (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1964), p. 166.
22.
SherifM.HarveyO. J.WhiteB. J.HoodW. R.SherifCarolyn W., Experimental Study of Positive and Negative Intergroup Attitudes between Experimentally Produced Groups: Robbers Cave Study (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1954).
23.
LeavittHarold J., Managerial Psychology (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1958), pp. 123, 205.
24.
KingBert T.JanisIrving, “Comparison of the Effectiveness of Improvised versus Non-Improvised Role Playing in Producing Opinion Changes,”Human Relations, Vol. 9 (1956), 177–186.
25.
FestingerL., A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance (Evanston, Ill.: Row, Peterson, 1957). See also BrehnJ. W.CohenA. R., Explorations in Cognitive Dissonance (New York: Wiley, 1962).
26.
PettigrewThomas, “Race Relations: Social Psychological Aspects,”International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences (1958), p. 281.