Research Departments within Large Organizations

U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Scientific Personnel in Industry (Washington: U.S.G.P.O., 1960).

The literature discussing these points is very large. For typical comments, see Marcson S. , The Scientist in American Industry (Princeton: Princeton University Industrial Relations Section, 1960); Brown Paula Shepherd Clovis , “Bureaucracy in a Government Laboratory,” Social Forces 32 (1954), 259–268; Kornhauser W. , Scientists in Industry: Conflict and Accommodation (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1962); Vollmer H. W. , A Preliminary Investigation of the Role of Scientists in Research Organizations (Menlo Park: Stanford Research Institute, 1962).

Thompson Victor A. , “Bureaucracy and Innovation,” Administrative Science Quarterly 10 (June 1965), 1–20.

Weber Max , The Theory of Social and Economic Organizations, Henderson A. M. Parsons Talcott (trans.) (Glencoe: Free Press, 1947).

Taylor Frederick , The Principles of Scientific Management (New York: Harper, 1911).

Fayol Henri , General and Industrial Management (London: Pitman, 1961).

This discussion of rational systems draws extensively upon Thompson James D. , Organizational Action (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1967).

Hebb D. O. , “Problems Relating to Thought,” in Stein M. L. Henize S. J. (eds.), Creativity and the Individual (Glencoe: Free Press, 1960), p. 71.

Kornhauser Marcson LaPorte T. R. , “Value Orientations and the Relationship of Managers and Scientists,” Administrative Science Quarterly 10 (June 1965), 21–38; Hower R. Orth C. , Managers and Scientists (Boston: Harvard Business School, 1963).

Hower Orth Marcson Barnes L. , Organizational Systems and Engineering Groups (Boston: Harvard Business School, 1960).

Moore D. G. Renck R. , “The Professional Employee in Industry,” Journal of Business (Jan. 1955), 58–66.

Glazer B. G. , “The Local-Cosmopolitan Scientist,” American Journal of Sociology 69 (1963), 252.

See LaPorte Hower Orth ; Marcson.

For a discussion of the relationships among organization size, structure, and performance, see Litterer J. A. , The Analysis of Organizations (New York: Wiley, 1965), Chapter 20.

Lorsch J. W. , Product Innovation and Organization (New York: Macmillan, 1965).

Metzger Leo , “Scientific Productivity in Organizations,” Journal of Social Issues (1965), 32–40.

See LaPorte Kaplan N. , “The Role of the Research Administrator,” Administrative Science Quarterly 4 (1959), 20–42.

Hower Orth , pp. 282–284.

This supports similar findings by Pelz D. C. , “Influence: A Key to Effective Leadership in the First Line Supervisor,” Personnel (Nov. 1952), 3–11.

See, e.g., Brown Shepherd .

LaPorte , pp. 36–37.

Brown Shepherd .

Lorsch .

A number of other investigations have noted this tendency to reduce controls on scientists to permit greater freedom of operation. See, e.g., Kornhauser Marcson Vollmer H. M. , Work Activities and Attitudes of Scientists and Research Managers. Data from a National Survey. Technical Report Phase III (Menlo Park: Stanford Research Institute, 1965).

Litterer , pp. 209–212.

Ibid., pp. 206–208.

This phenomenon has been analyzed by many investigators, among them: March J. G. Simon H. A. , Organizations (New York: Wiley, 1959); Dearborn D. C. Simon H. A. , “Selective Executives,” Sociometry 21 (1958), 140–144; Selznick P. , Leadership in Administration (Evanston, Ill.: Rowe, Peterson, 1957); Litterer , pp. 51–62.

Lawrence P. R. , in a joint colloquium of the Department of Psychology and the Graduate School of Business Administration, University of Illinois, Dec. 10, 1965.

Lorsch , p. 20.

Burns T. Stalker G. M. , The Management of Innovation (London: Tavistock, 1959), p. 9.

Lorsch , pp. 66–67.

Ibid., pp. 65–88.

Ibid., p. 76.

Burns and Stalker.

Ibid.; Klein H. Mechling W. , “Application of Operations Research to Development Decisions,” Operations Research 6 (1958), 352–363; Hirschman A. O. Lindblom C. E. , “Economic Development, Research and Development, Policy Making: Some Converging Views,” Behavioral Science 7 (1962), 211–222; Braybrooke D. Lindblom C. E. , A Strategy of Decision (New York: Free Press, 1963).

Lorsch , p. 125.

Ibid.

Ibid., pp. 90–94.