Toward a General Theory of Motivation and Performance

For example, Maslow A. H. , Motivation and Personality (New York: Harper and Row, 1954), pp. 80–106; and Myers M. Scott , “Who Are Your Motivated Workers?” Harvard Business Review, XLII:1 (Jan.-Feb. 1964), 73–88.

For example, Barnard Chester I. , The Functions of the Executive (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1938), p. 139; March J. C. Simon H. A. , Organizations (New York: John Wiley, 1958), p. 84; and Herzberg F. Mausner B. Synderman J. , The Motivation to Work (New York: John Wiley, 1959).

For example, Patterson C. H. , “A Unitary Theory of Motivation and Its Counseling Implications,” Individual Psychology, XX:1 (May 1964), 17–31.

For example, Vroom Victor H. , Work and Motivation (New York: John Wiley, 1964), pp. 197–198.

For example, Asher James J. , “Toward a Neo-Field Theory of Behavior,” Humanistic Psychology, IV:2 (Fall 1964), 86.

Vroom , Work and Motivation.

Viteles Morris S. , Motivation and Morale in Industry (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1953), pp. 3–6.

Maier N. R. T. , Psychology in Industry (3rd ed.; Boston: Houghton-Mifflin, 1965), pp. 229–230; see also Vroom , Work and Motivation, pp. 203–204.

Vroom , Some Personality Determinants of the Effects of Participation (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1960), pp. 50–59.

Lawler Edward E. III , “Ability as a Moderator of the Relationship Between Job Attitudes and Job Performance,” Personnel Psychology, XIX:2 (Summer 1966), 153–164.

See, e.g., McLeish John , The Science of Behavior (London: Pemberton Publishing Company, 1963), pp. 47–62.

Tolman Edward C. , “Principles of Performance,” Psychological Review, LXII:5 (Sept. 1955), 315–326.

Atkinson John W. , “Motivational Determinants of Risk-taking Behavior,” Psychological Review, LXIV:6 (Nov. 1957), 359–372; Atkinson , Introduction to Motivation (Princeton: Van Nostrand, 1964), pp. 242–245; Atkinson , Human Motivation: A Symposium (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1965), pp. 131–146.

Atkinson , Human Motivation, pp. 15–25.

Atkinson , “Towards Experimental Analysis of Human Motivation in Terms of Motives, Expectancies, and Incentives,” in Atkinson , ed., Motives in Fantasy, Action, and Society (Princeton: Van Nostrand, 1958), pp. 288–305; McClelland David C. , “Risk-taking in Children with High and Low Need for Achievement,” in ibid., 306–321; Atkinson Litwin George H. , “Achievement Motive and Test Anxiety Conceived as Motive to Approach Success and Motive to Avoid Failure,” Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, LX:1 (Jan. 1960), 52–63; Mahone C. H. , “Fear of Failure and Unrealistic Vocational Aspiration,” Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, LX:4 (July 1960), 253–261; Atkinson Feather N. T. , A Theory of Achievement Motivation (New York: Wiley and Sons, 1966); Morris John L. , “Propensity for Risk Taking as Determinant of Vocational Choice: An Extension of the Theory of Achievement Motivation,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, IIL3 (March 1967), 328–335.

Irwin F. W. , “Stated Expectations as Functions of Probability and Desirability of Outcomes,” Journal of Personality, XXI:3 (March 1953), 329–335; Edwards Ward , “Probability Preferences in Gambling,” American Journal of Psychology, LXVI:3 (July 1953), 349–364; Atkinson Bastian J. R. Earl R. W. Litwin , “The Achievement Motive, Goal Setting, and Probability Preference,” Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, LX:1 (Jan. 1960), 27–36; Feather , “Mower's Revised Two-Factor Theory and the Motive-Expectance-Value Model,” Psychological Review, VII:6 (Nov. 1963), 500–515.

Feather , “Mower's Revised Two-Factor Theory …,” 504.

Indik Bernard P. , “Measuring Motivation to Work,” Personnel Administration, XVIX:6 (Nov.-Dec. 1966), 39–44.

Hicks Herbert G. , The Management of Organizations (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1967), pp. 40–43.

Maslow , Motivation and Personality.

Megginson L. C. Chung K. H. , “A Striving for Excellence,” Phi Kappa Phi Journal, Summer 1967, pp. 14–24.

Herzberg Mausner Synderman , Motivation to Work; Vroom , Work and Motivation, pp. 99–174.

Berelson B. Steiner G. A. , Human Behavior (New York: Harcourt, Brace, and World, 1964); and Rogers C. R. , Client Centered Therapy (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1951).

Feather , “Level of Aspiration and Performance Variability,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, VI:1 (May 1967), 37–46.

Parsons Talcott , The Structure of Social Action (New York: Free Press of Glencoe, 1937), pp. 78–82.

Lewin Kurt , “Frontiers in Group Dynamics,” in Cartwright D. , ed., Field Theory in Social Science (New York: Harper, 1951), pp. 188–237.

Maier , Psychology in Industry.

McGregor Douglas , Leadership and Motivation (Cambridge: M.I.T. Press, 1966), pp. 201.

Chung , “Developing a Comprehensive Model of Motivation and Performance,” Academy of Management Journal, XI:1 (March 1968), 63–73.

See Majumdar Tapas , The Measurement of Utility (London: Macmillan, 1958), pp. 78–111.

Hicks Herbert G. Goronzy Friedhelm , “On Methodology in the Study of Management and Organization,” Academy of Management Journal, X:4 (Dec. 1967), 376.