The General Manager of the Future

Kay Hubert , “Harnessing the R. and D. Monster,” Fortune, LXXI:1 (Jan. 1965), 160.

Corditz D. , “The Face in the Mirror at General Motors,” Fortune, LXXIV:3 (August 1966), 116–119. See also “Can Con Edison Give Up Smoking?” Business Week, Feb. 25, 1967, pp. 106–111.

Churchman C. W. Schainblatt A. H. , “On Mutual Understanding,” Management Science, XII:2 (Oct. 1965), B40–B42.

“Management Outlook,” Business Week, Dec. 23, 1967, p. 40.

Koontz H. , “The Management Theory Jungle,” Journal of the Academy of Management, IV:3 (Dec. 1961), 174–188.

Simon Herbert A. , The New Science of Management Decision (New York: Harper, 1960).

Kepner C. H. Tregoe B. B. , The Rational Manager (New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1965). See also Ansoff , “Planning at the Level of an Enterprise in the U.S.A.,” Proceedings of the 2^ème Congres de Gestion Previsionnelle, Paris, France, Sept. 1966; Young J. , Management: A Systems Analysis (Chicago: Scott-Foresman, 1965).

For a more complete discussion of the management decision cycle, see Ansoff , ibid.

The administrator and the planner tend to appear similar to each other and distinctive from the leader. As a result, the important difference between the two has not always been recognized in business. Successful administrators have been promoted to planners' roles and have frequently failed. Simon, in The New Science, has vividly characterized the problem: “There is no reason to expect that a man who has acquired a fairly high level of personal skill in decision-making activity will have a correspondingly high skill in designing efficient decision-making systems. To imagine that there is such a connection is like supposing that a man who is a good weight lifter can therefore design cranes. The skills of designing and maintaining the modern decision-making systems we call organizations are less intuitive skills. Hence, they are even more susceptible to training than the skills of personal decision making” (p. 5).

Chandler A. D. Jr. , Strategy and Structure (Cambridge: M.I.T. Press, 1962). See also Chamberlain John , The Enterprising Americans: A Business History of the U.S. (New York: Harper and Row, 1963); Sloan A. P. Jr. , My Years with General Motors (Garden City, L.I.: Doubleday and Company, 1963).

Anshen M. Bach G. L. , Management and Corporations 1985 (New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1960); Leavitt H. J. Whisler T. L. , “Management in the 1980's,” Harvard Business Review, XXXVI:6 (Nov.-Dec. 1958), 41–48; Ansoff , “The Firm of the Future,” Harvard Business Review, XLIII:5 (Sept.-Oct. 1965), 163–178; Ways M. , “Tomorrow's Management,” Fortune, LXXIV:1 (July 1966), 84–87; “The World of Management,” News Front, X:10 (Jan. 1967).

Corditz ; and “Can Con Edison Give Up Smoking?”

The year 1956 was a watershed in economic history, for it was then that white-collar workers (professional, managerial, clerical, and sales personnel) for the first time outnumbered blue-collar workers (craftsmen, semi-skilled operatives, and laborers). By 1976 the gap will have widened to a nearly three-to-two ratio (Business Environment Service, General Electric Company, Jan. 1968).

Geneen Harold S. , “IT&T Management for Growth,” address before Investment Analysts Society of America, Nov. 21, 1967 (IT&T reprint), p. 7.

Leavitt Whisler , “Management in the 1980's.”

Geneen , “IT&T Management,” p. 7.

Linowitz S. M. , “Public Affairs: The Demanding Seventies,” Public Affairs in National Focus, Report No. 5, National Industrial Conference Board, 1966, pp 116–130.

Barnard C. I. The Functions of the Executive. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1938.

Churchman C. W. Schainblatt A. H. , “The Researcher and the Manager: A Dialectic of Implementation,” Management Science, XI:4 (Feb. 1965), B69-B87.

March J. G. Simon H. A. , Organisations. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1958.

Simon H. A. “On the Concept of an Organizational Goal,” Administration Science Quarterly, IX:1 (June 1964), 1–22.