The Economics of Airport Use,Congestion,and Safety

“No Room on the Runways,” Forbes, Feb. 15, 1966, p. 27.

U.S. Congress, House, Committee on Appropria tions, Hearings, Department of Transportation Appropriations for 1968, 90 Cong., 1 sess., May 1967, p. 251.

Los Angeles Times, Sept. 24, Nov. 27, 1967; Wall Street Journal, Oct. 27, 1967.

“Aviation: To Control the Swarm,” Time, Dec. 29, 1967, pp. 12–13. This information was compiled by the FAA but has not yet been published officially.

Port of New York Authority, Airport Requirements and Sites to Serve the New Jersey–New York Metropolitan Region (New York, Dec. 1966), pp. 6, 10.

“No Room on the Runways,” p. 27. These problems apply only to the aircraft equipment which airlines currently use and abstract from any change in traffic and congestion which might follow the introduction of larger subsonic and supersonic aircraft.

House, Committee on Appropriations, Hearings, p. 253.

“Aviation: To Control the Swarm,” p. 13.

“No Room on the Runways,” p. 29; Watkins H. D. , “Airlines Challenge General Aviation Fees,” Aviation Week and Space Technology, Oct. 23, 1967, p. 36; FAA, Estimated Cost of Delay at FAA Tower Airports, C.Y 1965, Staff Study of FAA (Washington, D.C., June 1966).

“Aviation: To Control the Swarm,” p. 12. See also U.S. Congress, Senate, Committee on Commerce, The National Airport System: Interim Report of the Aviation Subcommittee, 90 Cong., 2 sess., 1968, pp. 6–10.

Boyd Alan S. , Secretary of Transportation, statement in House, Committee on Appropriations, Hearings, p. 53; McKee General William F. , Federal Aviation Administrator, statement in ibid., pp. 62–63, 94–95; Airport Operators Council, American Association of Airport Executives, and National Association of State Aviation Officials, Summary, National Airport Survey: Planned Airport Development during 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, Dec. 1965, reprinted in House, Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, Hearing, Federal Airport Act Extension, 89 Cong., 2 sess., 1966; McKee, statement in ibid., p. 9; “Congestion, Noise, Delay Mark Airport ‘Saturation,’” Congressional Quarterly, Weekly Report, Nov. 24, 1967, p. 2387; Senate, Committee on Commerce, National Airport System, pp. 2–3, 7, 11–17.

For ten years the Port of New York Authority has been debating the location of a fourth jetport for the New York area (“No Room on the Runways,” p. 28). The Authority is currently engaged in a $470 million expansion of its existing facilities (“Transportation: Homing in on the Airport Crisis,” Business Week, Nov. 18, 1967).

House, Committee on Government Operations, Hearing, Federal Aviation Agency Air Traffic Control Operations, 89 Cong., 2 sess., 1966, pp. 34–51.

“Washington National Case May Set Precedent,” Aviation Week and Space Technology, June 26, 1967, p. 25.

Feldman Paul , “On the Optimal Use of Airports in Washington, D.C.,” Socio-Econ. Planning Science, I (1967), 01–07.

“McKee Yields on National Airport; Proposes Hourly Limit on Flights,” Aviation Week and Space Technology, August 1, 1966.

“National Airport Limit Hit by Congressmen,” Aviation Week and Space Technology, July 18, 1966, p. 39.

FAA, Airport Capacity Criteria Used in Preparing the National Airport Plan (Washington, D.C., August 1966), pp. 1–2.

The time-interdependent nature of demands for goods or services and the consequences of different pricing policies have been analyzed by Minasian in “Ambiguities in Theory of Peak-Load Pricing and Application of Theory of Queues,” Land Economics, XLII (August 1966), 355–362, and in “Telephone Rates, Queues, Costs: Some Economic Implications for Analyzing Fluctuating Demands,” Research Memorandum RM-3829-NASA, The RAND Corporation (Santa Monica, Calif., Sept. 1963).

Peak load situations are conventionally portrayed and analyzed by the use of two sets of demand curves, one representing peak demands and the other slack periods. We use a frequency distribution of demands, however, as it more clearly depicts the nature of queues and the adjustment in the quantities demanded as a result of implicit or explicit price differentials. See Minasian , “Ambiguities in Theory of Peak-Load Pricing,” for its use in analyzing the general problem of peak-load pricing.

For these fares and various promotional fares, see Official Airline Guide; Quick Reference North American Edition, Nov. 15, 1967.

For the schedule of charges, see American Association of Airport Executives, Survey of Airport Rates and Charges: Landing Fees (Wilmington, Delaware, Jan. 1967).

Warskow M. A. Wisepart I. S. , Capacity of Airport Systems in Metropolitan Areas: Methodology of Analysis (Deer Park, L.I., New York: Airborne Instruments Laboratory, Report 1400–4, Jan. 1964) pp. 14–14, Appendices A and C. Unfortunately, more recent data on actual as opposed to scheduled operations have not been published.

“Congestion, Noise, Delay,” Cong. Quarterly.

Ibid.; Wall Street Journal, Oct. 27, 1967.

Warskow Wisepart , p. 46, Appendix B.

Cong. Quarterly, p. S19044; New York Times, Nov. 21, 1967; Airport Requirements and Sites, p. 29; Port of New York Authority, Schedule of Charges for Air Terminals, April 1, 1966, revised; Port of New York Authority, “News Release,” Dec. 15, 1967.

Watkins H. D. , “Airlines Challenge General Aviation Fees,” Aviation Week and Space Technology, Oct. 23, 1967, p. 36.

See note 27.

Senate, Committee on Commerce, National Airport System, p. 3; “Congestion, Noise, Delay,” Cong. Quarterly, p. 2398; New York Times, Jan. 28, 1968.

The “four-minute” criterion has been incorporated into research sponsored by the FAA for developing an analysis to determine the “capacity” of any given airport: Airborne Instruments Laboratory, Airport Capacity (Deer Park, L.I., New York: June 1953), p. iii, Chap. I; Warskow Wisepart , pp. A-1, C-1–C-3.

The figure of 86 is obtained by multiplying total annual operations by the peak factor of 2.1 and then dividing that product by 365 days times 24 hours. As total operations are forecast for subsequent years, peak operations are estimated in the same way. These data in Los Angeles, Department of Airports, Los Angeles International Airport: Critical Factors for Expansion; Drawing No. 6722–105, Feb. 1967.

Leigh Fisher Associates, Inc., Honolulu International Airport Development Plan—1985 (San Francisco, Calif., Nov. 1967), pp. 39–43, 72–79, Appendix IV.

Airport Requirements and Sites, p. 2.

Senate, Committee on Commerce, National Airport System, p. 7.

Airport Requirements and Sites, p. 1.

Senate, Committee on Commerce, National Airport System, pp. 14–17.