ChandlerA. D., Strategy and Structure: Chapters in the History of the American Industrial Enterprise (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1962); BettisR. A.HallW. K., “Strategic Portfolio Management in the Multibusiness Firm,”California Management Review, Vol. XXIV, No. 1 (Fall 1981): 23–38; BowerJ. L., Managing the Resource Allocation Process: A Study of Corporate Planning and Investment (Boston, MA: Graduate School of Business Administration, Harvard University, 1970); ChristensenC. R.AndrewsK. R.BowerJ. L.HamermeshR. G.PorterM. E., Business Policy: Text and Cases, Fifth Edition, (Homewood, IL: Richard D. Irwin, Inc., 1983); LorschJ. W., “Contingency Theory and Organization Design: A Personal Odyssey,” in KilmanPondySlevin, The Management of Organization Design (Amsterdam: Reuters, 1976), pp. 141–165.
2.
Two of the more comprehensive and contemporary definitions of formal organization are provided by GalbraithJ.NathansonD. A., Strategy Implementation: The Role of Structure and Process (St. Paul, MN: West Publishing Co., 1978); and McKinsey & Company's“7-S Framework,” in WatermanR. H.PetersT. J.PhillipsJ. R., “Structure Is Not Organization,”The McKinsey Quarterly (Summer 1980), pp. 2–20.
3.
Several concise statements of this research are: GalbraithNathanson, op. cit.; HrebinickL. G.JoyceW. F., Implementing Strategy (New York, NY: MacMillan, 1984); LorangeP., Implementation of Strategic Planning (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1982).
4.
BartlettC. A., “MNCs: Get off the Reorganization Merry-Go-Round,”Harvard Business Review, Vol. 61, No. 2 (March/April 1983): 138–146; BettisHall, op. cit.; GuptaA. K.GovindarajanV., “Business Unit Strategy, Managerial Characteristics and Business Unit Effectiveness at Strategy Implementation,”Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 27, No. 1: 25–41.
See HaspeslaghP., “Portfolio Planning: Uses and Limits,”Harvard Business Review, 60/1 (1982): 58–73; LenzR. T., “Determinants of Organizational Performance,”Strategic Management Journal, 2 (1981): 131–154.
7.
OuchiW. G., “A Conceptual Framework for the Design of Organizational Control Mechanisms,”Management Science.Vol. 25, No. 9 (1979): 833–848.
8.
VacilR. F., Implementing Strategy: The Role of Top Management, Division of Research, Harvard Business School, Boston, MA, 1985; PetersT.WatermanR., In Search of Excellence (New York, NY: Harper and Row, 1982).