A review of the pedagogical brasswind literature revealed that the varying and contradictory opinions concerning embouchure function are based primarily on theory or conjecture. The physical and physiological functions involved have received very limited attention from researchers. This experimental study investigated the possible effects of register, intensity, and subjects' proficiency level on electromyographic potentials (a measurement of muscle activity) from four facial muscles of 18 trumpeters. Electromyograms were made simultaneously of the muscles of the upper and lower lips and the levator and depressor of the mouth corner using Basmajian's indwelling, fine-wire electrodes during 51 trumpet performance tasks. Statistical analyses of the data revealed several interesting differences between advanced and beginning trumpeters concerning muscle activity preceding and following the tone, between upper and lower lips, between in-the-lips and out-cf-the-lips muscles and during the playing of several musical or technical passages.
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2.
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18.
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24.
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25.
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26.
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32.
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35.
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44.
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