This research project was designed to increase a male adult's oral reading performance. A direct instruction approach was used to teach lacking phonic skills previously determined through a detailed performance analysis. As a result of highly specific phonic lessons, reading performance was increased by three years over a three-month period. A multiple-baseline design was used to compare acquisition and maintenance of each phonic concept.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
AdamsonG.ShragoM.Van EttenG.Basic educational skills inventory. Olathe, KS: Select-Ed Inc., Publication of the Educational Modulation Center, 1973.
2.
BaronJ.StrawsonC.Use of orthographic and word-specific knowledge in reading words aloud. Journal of Exceptional Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 1976, 2, 286–393.
3.
BiemillerA.J.The development of the use of graphic and contextual information as children learn to read. Reading Research Quarterly, 1970, 6, 75–96.
4.
BishopC.H.Transfer effects of word and letter training in reading. Journal of Verbal and Learning Behavior, 1964, 3, 214–221.
5.
BleismerE.P.YarboroughB.H.A comparison of ten different beginning reading programs in first grade. Phi Delta Kappan, 1965, 46, 500–504.
6.
BotelM.BradleyJ.KashubaM.The validity of informal reading testing. In DurrW.K. (Ed.), Reading difficulties: Diagnosis, correction and remediation. Newark, DE: International Reading Association, 1970, 85–103.
ChallJ.S.Learning to read: The great debate. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1967.
9.
ClymerT.A study of the sampling reliability formula. in Reading in a changing society, International Reading Association Conference Proceedings, 1959, 4, 245–250.
10.
DainesD.MasonL.G.A comparison of placement tests and readability graphs. Journal of Reading, 1972, 15(8), 597–603.
11.
DaleE.ChallJ.S.A formula for predicting readability. Educational Research Bulletin, 1948, 27, 11–20.
12.
DiedrichP.B.II. Research 1960–70 on methods and materials in reading. Princeton, NJ: Educational Testing Service, January 1973 (TM Report 22), ERIC Clearinghouse on Tests, Measurement and Evaluation. Ed 072 2115.
13.
DykstraR.Phonics and beginning reading instruction. In WalcuttC.C.LamportJ.McCrackenG. (Eds.), Teaching reading: A phonic/linguistic approach to developmental reading. New York: Macmillan, 1974.
14.
FoxB.RouthD.K.Phonemic analysis and synthesis as word attack skills. Journal of Educational Psychology, 1976, 68, 70–74.
15.
GoodmanK.S.Orthography in a theory of reading instruction. Elementary English, 1972, 1254–1261. (a).
16.
GoodmanK.S.Reading: The key is in the children's language. The Reading Teacher, 1972, 25, 505–508. (b).
17.
GoodmanK.S.Analysis of oral reading miscues: Applied psycholinguistics. In SmithF. (Ed.), Psycholinguistics and reading. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1973.
18.
GurrenL.HughesA.Intensive phonics vs. gradual phonics in beginning reading: A review. Journal of Educational Research, 1965, 58, 339–346.
19.
HeilmanA.W.Phonics in proper perspective. Columbus, OH: Charles Merrill Publishing Co., 1968.
20.
JeffreyW.E.SamuelsS.J.Effect of method of reading training on initial learning and transfer. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 1967, 6, 354–358.
21.
JenkinsJ.R.BausellR.B.JenkinsL.M.Comparisons of letter name and letter sound training as transfer variables. American Educational Research Journal, 1972, 9(1), 75–86.
KingE.M.Prereading programs: Direct versus incidental teaching. The Reading Teacher, 1978, 31, 504–510.
24.
McCrackenR.A.MullenN.D.The validity of certain measures of informal reading inventories. In DurrW.K. (Ed.), Reading difficulties: Diagnosis, correction and remediation. Newark, DE: International Reading Association, 1970, 104–110.
25.
MullerD.Phonic blending and transfer of letter training to word reading in children. Journal of Reading Behavior, 1972–73, 5, 212–217.
26.
RichardsonE.DiBenedettoB.BradleyC.M.The relationship of sound blending to reading achievement. Review of Educational Research, 1977, 47 (2), 319–334.
27.
RoswellF.G.ChallJ.S.Roswell-Chall Diagnostic Reading Test of Word Analysis Skills. New York: Eassay Press, 1959.
SamuelsS.J.Hierarchical subskills in the reading acquisition process. In GuthrieJ.T. (Ed.), Aspects of reading acquisition: Proceedings of the fifth annual Hyman Blumberg symposium on research in early childhood education. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1976, 162–179.
30.
SmithF.Understanding reading. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1971.
31.
SmithF.Psycholinguistics and reading. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1973.
32.
SmithF.Reading. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1978.
33.
SmithF.GoodmanK.S.On the psycholinguistic method of teaching reading. In SmithF. (Ed.), Psycholinguistics and reading. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1973.
34.
SpacheG.D.A new readability formula for primary grade reading materials. Elementary School Journal, 1953, 53, 410–413.
TerryP.SamuelsS.J.LaBergeD.The effects of letter degradation and letter spacing on word recognition. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 1976, 15, 577–586.