Human ecological theory has often been faulted for failing to consider the effects of the conscious actions of individuals and groups in the shaping of land use development. Given the current theoretical formulation of human ecological theory developed by Hawley, this criticism is not justified. A unique example of invasion-succession in an urban area offers an opportunity to illustrate how organized groups can influence this process, and to demonstrate how such actions fit into human ecological theory, and, by extension, general ecological theory. Those who do not recognize this dimension of human ecology will continue to be deprived of its analytic potential.
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