This article deepens the understanding of the impact empowerment programs have for women on their social environment, and more specifically on the men in the community, who may or may not be supportive of such endeavors. Gathering evidence from one case in rural India, it addresses how powerholders and gatekeepers reacted to the increased use of women's voices as they interacted as members of a group, within the broader community, and as the women recognized their own increase in value to the community.
References
1.
AfsharH. (Ed.) (1998) Women and Empowerment: illustrations from the third world. London: Macmillan.
2.
AfsharH. & AlikhanF. (2002) Age and Empowerment Amongst Slum Dwelling Women in Hyderabad, Journal of International Development, 14, 1153–1161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jid.957
3.
AlamJ. (2009) Democracy in India and the Quest for Equality, Community Development Journal, 44(3), 291–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdj/bsp021
4.
BailyS. (2008) Negotiating for Power: women and nonformal education in India. PhD dissertation, Graduate School of Education, George Mason University.
5.
ConnellR.W. (2005) Change among the Gatekeepers: men, masculinity, and gender equity in the global arena, Signs: Journal of Women and Culture in Society, 30(3), 1801–1825. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/427525
6.
DenzinN.K. & LincolnY.S. (Eds) (2005) The Handbook of Qualitative Research, 3rd edn.Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
JainS.P. & PolmanW. (2003) A Handbook for Trainers on Participatory Local Development: the Panchayati Raj model in India. Bangkok: FAO.
9.
KeddieA. & MillsM. (2009) Global Politics, Gender Justice, and Education: contemporary issues and debates, in AyersW.QuinnT. & StovallD. (Eds) Handbook of Social Justice in Education. New York: Routledge.
10.
KindervatterS. (1979) Nonformal Education as an Empowering Process. Amherst, MA: Center for International Education.
11.
Lahiri-DuttK. & SamantaG. (2002) State Initiatives for the Empowerment of Women of Rural Communities: experiences from eastern India, Community Development Journal, 37(2): 137–156. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdj/37.2.137
12.
MalhotraA.SchulerS.R. and BoenderC. (2002) Measuring Women's Empowerment as a Variable International Development. Washington, DC: International Center for Research on Women and Gender & Development Unit, World Bank.
13.
Merriam, S.B. & Associates (2002) Qualitative Research in Practice: examples for discussion and analysis. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
OlakuleinF.K. & OjoO.D. (2006) Distance Education as a Women Empowerment Strategy in Africa, Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education, 7(1), 149–154.
16.
OsmaniL.N.K. (1998) The Grameen Bank Experiment: empowerment of women through credit, in AfsharH. (Ed.) Empowerment and Women: illustrations from the Third World. London: Macmillan.
17.
RezaM.H. (2003) When culture trumps ideology: micro-enterprise and the empowerment of women in Bangladesh, Canadian Journal of Development Studies, 24, 439–459.
RowlandsJ. (1998) A word of the times, but what does it mean? Empowerment in the discourse and practice of development, in AfsharH. (Ed.) Empowerment and Women: illustrations from the Third World. London: Macmillan.
20.
SenA. (1999) Development as Freedom. New York: Anchor Books.
21.
StromquistN.P. (1993) The theoretical and practical bases for empowerment, in UNESCO, Women's education and empowerment: pathways to autonomy. Hamburg: UNESCO.
UgbomehG.M.M. (2001) Empowering Women in Agricultural Education for Sustainable Rural Development, Community Development Journal, 36, 289–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdj/36.4.
24.
UnterhalterE. (2005) Global Inequality, Capabilities, Social Justice: the Millennium Development Goal for gender equality in education, International Journal of Educational Development, 25(2), 111–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2004.11.015
25.
World Bank (1997) Staff appraisal report. Washington, DC: World Bank.