This article reports the investigation of the extent to which US preschool federal funding (Head Start) and the preschool enrollment of African American males (aged three to five) affected the high school graduation rates of this population (aged 14 to 19). The authors found that a link exists between preschool enrollment and the high school graduation rate of this population. They also found a link between Head Start funding and the high school graduation rate for this group.
References
1.
AkaikeH. (1970) Autorregressive Model Fitting for Control, Annals of Institute of Statistical Mathematics, 22, 163–180.
2.
BaldwinB.T. & StecherL.I. (1924) The Psychology of the Preschool Child. New York/London: D. Appleton.
3.
McCarthyBowens P. (2007) An Investigation of the Effects of Federal Funding, Nursery School Enrollments, and Head Start Funding on the High School Graduation Rates of African American Males. Ed.D. dissertation, Dowling College, New York.
4.
ColemanJ. (1966) Equality of Educational Opportunity. Washington, DC: United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Office of Education.
5.
EdelmanP.HolzerH. & OffnerP. (2006) Reconnecting Disadvantaged Young Men. Washington, DC: Urban Institute Press.
6.
FryerR. & LevittS. (2004) Understanding the Black—White Test Score Gap in the First Two Years of School, Review of Economics and Statistics, 86(2), 447–464. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/003465304323031049
7.
GrangerC. (1980) Testing for Causality: A personal viewpoint, Journal of the American Statistical Association, 72, 329–352.
8.
GrangerC. (1987) Investigating Causal Relations by Econometric Models and Cross Spectral Methods. Econometrica, 37(3), 424–434. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1912791
LosenD. & OrfieldG. (2002) Racial Inequality in Special Education. Cambridge, MA: The Civil Rights Project at Harvard University.
14.
MincyR., (Ed.) (2006) Black Males Left Behind. Washington, DC: Urban Institute Press.
15.
MishelL. & RoyJ. (2006) Accurately Assessing High School Graduation Rates, Phi Delta Kappan, 88(4), 287–292.
16.
OrfieldG.LosenD.WaldJ. & SwansonC. (2004) Losing Our Future: How minority youth are being left behind by the graduation crisis. Cambridge, MA: The Civil Rights Project at Harvard University.
SkibaR. & PetersonR. (1999) The Dark Side of Zero Tolerance: Can punishment lead to safe schools?Phi Delta Kappan, 80(5), 372–382.
19.
SwansonC. (2003) Keeping Count and Losing Count: Calculating graduation rates for all students under NCLB accountability. Washington, DC: Urban Institute. http://www.urban.org/publications/410843.html
20.
GibbsTaylor J. (1988) Young, Black, and Male in America: Endangered, embittered, and embattled, in BrunswickA.ConnorM.DemboR. (Eds) Young, Black, and Male in America: An endangered species. Westport: Auburn House.
US Department of Education, National Center for Educational Statistics (1994) The Educational Progress of Black Students (NCES 95–765). http://nces.ed.gov/pubs95/95765.pdf