Reports of suicides by African-American slaves are reviewed, and rates calculated from the available data. Severe punishment appeared to be the most common precipitant for suicide, and explanations for the possible variations in suicide rates by status are proposed.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Anon. (1790). Abridgment of the minutes of the evidence: taken before a committee of the whole House to whom it was referred to consider of the slave-trade, IV.London: (no publisher).
2.
ApthekerH. (1943). American Negro slave revolts. New York: Columbia University.
3.
BakerE. G. (1861). Diary II entry for June 15th. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina collection.
4.
BallC. (1837). Slavery in the United States. New York: John S. Taylor. (Republished as Fifty Years in chains. New York: Dover, 1970.)
5.
BlassingameJ. W. (Ed.) (1977). Slave testimony. Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University.
6.
BotkinB. A. (Ed.) (1945). Lay my burden down. Chicago: University of Chicago.
7.
BreedW. (1970). The Negro and fatalistic suicide. Pacific Sociological Review, 13, 156–162.
8.
CatterallH. H. (1929/1932). Judicial cases. Washington, DC: Carnegie Institute, Volumes I and II, publication number 374.
9.
Census Bureau. (1975). Historical Statistics of the United States. Washington, DC: Census Bureau.
10.
ChambersR. (1860). Diary entry for June 11th. Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University collection.
11.
ClarkD. C., & Horton-DeutschS. L. (1992). Assessment in absentia: The value of the psychological autopsy method for studying antecedents of suicide and predicting future suicides. In MarisR. W.BermanA. L.MaltsbergerJ. T. & YufitR. I. (Eds.), Assessment and prediction of suicide (pp. 144–182). New York: Guilford.
12.
De BowJ. D. B. (1855). Mortality statistics of the Seventh Census of the United States. Washington, DC: A. O. P. Nicholson.
13.
DeutschA. (1944). The first US Census of the insane and its use as pro-slavery propaganda. Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 15, 469–482.
14.
DrewB. (1968). The refugee. New York: Negro University Press.
15.
DouglasJ. D. (1967). The social meanings of suicide. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University.
16.
du PratzL. P. (1763). The history of Louisiana. London, UK: Becket and P. A. de Hondt. (Reprinted, Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press, 1975.)
17.
DurkheimE. (1897). Le suicide. Paris: Felix Alcan.
18.
EllenbergerH. (1960). Zoological garden and mental hospital. Canadian Psychiatric Association Journal, 5, 136–149.
19.
ElliottE. N. (Ed.) (1860). Cotton is king and pro-slavery arguments. Augusta, GA: Pritchard, Abbott & Loomis. (Reprinted, New York: Johnson Reprint Company, 1968.)
20.
EscottP. D. (1979). Slavery remembered. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina.
21.
GenoveseE. D. (1976). Roll, Jordan, roll. New York: Vintage.
22.
GutmanH. G. (1976). The black family in slavery and freedom, 1750–1925.New York: Harper.
23.
HammondJ. H. (1985). James Henry Hammond papers, 1795–1865.Frederick, MD: University Publications of America.
24.
HendinH. (1969). Black suicide. New York: Basic.
25.
HenryA. F., & ShortJ. F. (1954). Suicide and homicide. New York: Free Press.
26.
JarvisE. (1844). Insanity among the coloured population of the Free States. American Journal of Medical Sciences, 7, 71–83.
27.
JohnstonA. M. (1852). Anna and Sarah Butler correspondence. Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University collection.
28.
KubackiA. (1992). Survival-control-dominance: The politics of self-harm. In LesterD. (Ed.), Suicide '92 (pp. 257–258). Denver, CO: American Association of Suicidology.
29.
KwietK. (1984). The ultimate refuge: Suicide in the Jewish community under the Nazis. Leo Baeck Institute Yearbook, 29, 135–167.
30.
LesterD. (1986). Suicide, the concentration camp, and the survivors. Israel Journal of Psychiatry & Related Sciences, 23, 221–224.
31.
LesterD. (1989a). Questions and answers about suicide. Philadelphia: Charles Press.
32.
LesterD. (1989b). Personal violence (suicide and homicide) in South Africa. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 79, 235–237.
33.
LesterD., & WilsonC. (1988). Suicide in Zimbabwe. Central African Journal of Medicine, 34, 147–149.
34.
LigonR. (1657). A true and exact history of the island of Barbadoes, 1647–1650.London, UK: H. Moseley. (Reprinted, London, UK: Frank Cass, 1970.)
35.
MartineauH. (1838). Retrospect of western travel, I.London, UK: Saunders & Otley. (Reprinted, Cleveland, OH: Bell & Howell, 1960.)
36.
MbitiJ. (1970). African religions and philosophy. New York: Doubleday.
37.
MyersL. J. (1993). Understanding an Afrocentric world view. Dubuque, IA: Kendall/Hunt.
38.
NoblesW. (1980). African psychology: Toward its reclamation, reascension, and revitalization. Oakland, CA: Black Family Institute.
39.
OwensL. H. (1976). This species of property. New York: Oxford University Press.
40.
PerdueC. L.BardenT. E., & PhillipsR. K. (Eds.) (1976). Weevils in the wheat. Charlottesville, VA: University Press of Virginia.
41.
PhillipsU. B. (Ed.) (1909). Plantation and frontier. Cleveland, OH: A. H. Clark.
42.
PiersenW. D. (1977). White cannibals, black martyrs. Journal of Negro History, 62, 147–159.
43.
Pope-HennessyJ. (1967). Sins of the fathers. London, UK: Weidenfeld & Nicholson.
44.
PostellW. D. (1953). Mental health among the slave population on Southern plantations. American Journal of Psychiatry, 110, 52–54.
45.
RodinR. G. (1982). Suicide and Holocaust survivors. Israel Journal of Psychiatry & Related Sciences, 19, 129–135.
46.
RoseW. L. (1976). A documentary history of slavery in North America. New York: Oxford University Press.
47.
ShulmanE. (1994). Suicide by alleged witches: Death by scapegoating. In LesterD. (Ed.), Suicide '94 (pp. 186–187). Denver, CO: American Association of Suicidology.
48.
SmithD. J. (1985). An old creed for the new South. Westport, CT: Greenwood.
49.
SnelgraveW. (1734). A new account of some parts of Guinea and the slave trade. London, UK: J. & P. Knapton. (Reprinted, London, UK: Frank Cass, 1971.)
50.
SteckelR. H. (1970). Slave mortality. Social Science History, 3, 86–144.
51.
TicknorF. (1845). Letter to W. A. Nelson, April 22. F. O. Ticknor papers. Athens, GA: University of Georgia collection.
52.
TrollopeF. (1832). Domestic manners of the Americans. London: Whitaker, Treacher & Co. (Reprinted, New York: Dodd Mead, 1927.)
53.
WadeR. C. (1964). Slavery in the cities. New York: Oxford University Press.
54.
WatsonA. P.RadinP., & JohnsonC. S. (Eds.) (1945). God struck me dead. Nashville, TN: Fisk University.
55.
WaxD. D. (1966). Negro resistance to the early American slave trade. Journal of Negro History, 51, 1–15.
56.
WebberT. L. (1978). Deep like the rivers. New York: Norton.
57.
ZahanD. (1979). The religion, spirituality, and thought of traditional Africa. Chicago: University of Chicago.