War is a critical variable in a large number of theoretical models used in archaeology, yet there has been little research to date on archaeological correlates of war. An archaeological correlate of war based on patterns of community organization is developed and tested using ethnographic data. This correlate is applied to the archaeological record of Mississippian societies in eastern North America, and the presence of warfare during the Mississippian period is confirmed. In addition, it is suggested that the pattern of warfare made evident through Mississippian community organization appears to be one focused solely on riverine centers and not affecting more rural Mississippian communities.
BrainJeffrey1978Late Prehistoric Settlement Patterning in the Yazoo Basin and Natchez Bluffs Regions of the Lower Mississippi Valley, in Mississippian Settlement Patterns, SmithB. (ed.), Academic Press, New York, pp. 331–368.
3.
BrownJamesKerberRichard, and WintersHoward1990Trade and the Evolution of Exchange Relations at the Beginning of the Mississippian Period, in The Mississippian Emergence, SmithB. (ed.), Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., pp. 251–280.
4.
CarnieroRobert1990Chiefdom-Level Warfare as Exemplified in Fiji and the Cauca Valley, in The Anthropology of War, HaasJ. (ed.), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England, pp. 190–211.
5.
ChapmanJefferson1987Tellico Archaeology. Tennessee Valley Authority Publications in Anthropology, No. 41, Knoxville, Tennessee.
6.
De La CroixHorst1972Military Considerations in City Planning: Fortifications, George Braziller, New York.
7.
DePratterChester1983Late Prehistoric and Early Historic Chiefdoms in the Southeastern United States, Ph.D. dissertation, University of Georgia, University Microfilms, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
8.
DuffyChristopher1979Siege Warfare: The Fortress in the Early Modern World, 1494–1660, Routledge and Kegan Paul, London.
9.
EkholmKajsa1972Power and Prestige: The Rise and Fall of the Kongo Kingdom, Scriv Service, Uppsala, Sweden.
10.
EmberCarol R. and EmberMelvin1992Resource Unpredictability, Mistrust, and War: A Cross-Cultural Study, Journal of Conflict Resolution, 36:2, pp. 242–262.
11.
EmersonThomas and JacksonDouglas1984The BBB Motor Site, (American Bottom Archaeology, Volume 6), University of Illinois Press, Urbana.
12.
FinneyFred1985The Carbon Dioxide Site, (American Bottom Archaeology, Volume 11, Part I), University of Illinois Press, Urbana.
13.
FlanneryKent1972The Origins of the Village as a Settlement Type in Mesoamerica and the Near East: A Comparative Study, in Man, Settlement, and Urbanism, UckoP. J.TringhamR., and DimblebyG. W. (eds.), Duckworth, London, pp. 23–53.
14.
FortierAndrew1985The Robert Schneider Site, (American Bottom Archaeology, Volume 11, Part II), University of Illinois Press, Urbana.
15.
FriedmanJonathan and RowlandsMichael1977Notes Towards and Epigenetic Model of the Evolution of “Civilisation,” in The Evolution of Social Systems, FriedmanJ. and RowlandsM. (eds.), Duckworth, London, pp. 201–275.
16.
GoldsteinLynne and RichardsJohn1991Ancient Aztalan: The Cultural and Ecological Context of a Late Prehistoric Site in the Midwest, in Cahokia and the Hinterlands, EmersonT. and LewisR. B. (eds.), University of Illinois Press, Urbana, pp. 193–206.
17.
GramlyRichard1988Conflict and Defense in the Eastern Woodlands, in Interpretations of Culture Change in the Eastern Woodlands During the Late Woodland Period, YerkesR. (ed.), Occasional Papers in Anthropology, No. 3, Department of Anthropology, Ohio State University, Columbus, pp. 86–97.
18.
GreenThomas1977Economic Relations Underlying Mississippian Settlement Patterns in Southwestern Indiana and North-Central Kentucky, Ph.D. dissertation, Indiana University, University Microfilms, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
19.
HaasJonathan1990Warfare and the Evolution of Tribal Polities in the Prehistoric Southwest, in The Anthropology of War, HaasJ. (ed.), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England, pp. 171–189.
20.
HagePer and HararyFrank1983Structural Models in Anthropology, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England.
21.
HillierBill and HansonJulienne1984The Social Logic of Space, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England.
22.
HudsonCharles1976The Southeastern Indians, University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville.
23.
LaffertyRobert1977 The Evolution of the Mississippian Settlement Pattern and Exploitative Technology in the Black Bottom of Southern Illinois, Ph.D. dissertation, Southern Illinois University, University Microfilms, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
24.
LarsonLewis1972Functional Considerations of Warfare in the Southeast During the Mississippian Period, American Antiquity, 37:3, pp. 383–392.
25.
LittleElizabeth1987Inland Waterways in the Northeast, Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology, 12, pp. 55–76.
26.
MeillassouxClaude1978“The Economy” in Agricultural Self-Sustaining Societies: A Preliminary Analysis, in Relations of Production, SeddonD. (ed.), Frank Cass, London, pp. 127–157.
27.
MilnerGeorge1984The Julien Site, (American Bottom Archaeology, Volume 7), University of Illinois Press, Urbana.
28.
MilnerGeorge1990The Late Prehistoric Cahokia Cultural System of the Mississippi River Valley: Foundations, Florescence, and Fragmentation, Journal of World Archaeology, 4, pp. 1–43.
29.
MilnerGeorgeAndersonEve, and SmithVirginia1991Warfare in Late Prehistoric West-Central Illinois, American Antiquity, 56:4, pp. 581–603.
30.
MurdockGeorge P. and WhiteDouglas1969Standard Cross-Cultural Sample, Ethnology, 8, pp. 329–369.
31.
MurdockGeorge P.FordClellanHudsonAlfredKennedyRaymondSimmonsLeo, and WhitingJohn1982Outline of Cultural Materials, (5th Revised Edition), Human Relations Area Files, New Haven, Connecticut.
32.
O'BrienPatricia1989Cahokia: The Political Capital of the “Ramey” State?North American Archaeologist, 10, pp. 275–292.
33.
PeeblesChristopher1987The Rise and Fall of the Mississippian in Western Alabama: The Moundville and Summerville Phases, A.D. 1000 to A.D. 1600, Mississippi Archaeology, 22, pp. 1–31.
34.
PeregrinePeter1991aA Graph-Theoretic Approach to the Evolution of Cahokia, American Antiquity, 56:1, pp. 66–75.
35.
PeregrinePeter1991bPrehistoric Chiefdoms on the American Midcontinent: A World-System Based on Prestige-Goods, in Corel Periphery Relations in Precapitalist Worlds, Chase-DunnC. and HallT. (eds.), Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado, pp. 193–211.
36.
PeregrinePeter1992aSocial Change in the Woodland-Mississippian Transition: A Study of Household and Community Patterns in the American Bottom, North American Archaeologist, 13:2, pp. 131–147.
37.
PeregrinePeter1992bMississippian Evolution: A World-System Perspective, Prehistory Press, Madison, Wisconsin.
38.
RothmanMitchell1987Graph Theory and the Interpretation of Regional Survey Data, Paleorient, 13:2, pp. 73–91.
39.
SteponaitisVincas1991Contrasting Patterns of Mississippian Development, in Chiefdoms: Power, Economy, and Ideology, EarleT. (ed.), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England, pp. 193–228.
40.
WelchPaul1991Moundville's Economy, University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.
41.
WilkRichard and RathjeWilliam1982Household Archaeology, American Behavioral Scientist, 25, pp. 617–639.
